Market Analysis and Entry Strategy-Free-Samples for Students

Question: You have been hired as the Marketing Manager of Ugg Australia in Sydney (https://www.australianuggboots.com.au/en-au ). Your CEO has decided to market Ugg AustraliaFinland, Canada, and Russia. you to write a report after conducting a strategic analysis of the environmental variables such as economic, political, social, cultural, technological and any other variables in any ONE of the above countries of your choice which may influence the marketing of Ugg Australia in that country. Answer: Introduction The Australian UGG boots are a part of the Australian culture. These boots got their name decades ago, though the logic behind the naming is not exactly clear. These specific boots are made of Australian sheepskins. These are long boots made of sheepskin with flat soles. These boots were high in demand in Australia during winter due to the warm comfort it provided to the person. These boots are now famous worldwide and the demand from the foreign nation is significantly raising every year. Australian UGG Boots Pvt Ltd is one of the leading UGG boot makers in Australia who has extended their supply outside the borders reaching out some of the international markets in Europe and Asia (Australianuggboots.com.au, 2017). However, the UGG boot makers had recently came into light due to the trademark obtained by the Decker, an US company who does not even produce their UGG boots in Australia. This has significantly shaken the international market for Australian UGG Boots Pvt Ltd along with other similar companies in Australia. The company is planning to expand their business to Canada to explore the benefits keeping in mind about the natural condition of the country. Winter in Canada demands for something like UGG boots for comforting the feet. Market Analysis PEST analysis can help in understanding the market situation and facilitate in the selection of the marketing strategy required penetrating the Canadian market. Political The country offers a full treatment for foreign investors. This falls under the context of open market economy operating with democratic principles and industries. This makes Canada as a favourable pool for investing and starting business. The global Affairs Canada alongside with ISED promotes Canadian market as an open, rules-based global investment regime for attracting foreign investors. The foreign companies can easily extract the required country information from their government operated Canadian Trade Commissioner Services website named Invest in Canada. This website also communicates the easy steps to follow for registering foreign businesses in the Canadian market (Export.gov, 2017). United States has been the fifth largest foreign investor in Canada for a very long time. This led them to dominate the Canadian market with the products and services offered. Moreover, the Canadian market is also popular for its cost effectiveness for the foreign investors that increase due to te low tax regime. Additionally, the country is becoming the largest free trade zone in the world for the firms importing manufacturing goods. Economical The real GPD of the nation as per 2016 calculation was approximately CAD 1795.56 billion; where as the nominal GDP was CAD 2026.83 billion. Estimated per capita GDP for the nation is about USD 42210.13. Purchasing power parity depending on the per capita GDP was about USD 46437.16 (Tradingeconomics.com, 2017). This not reflects a stable economic condition of the overall population of the country, but also a dominating power in the international market. Expansion in this nation will be fruitful for any business considering the economic condition as they can easily sell the high-end high priced products in the Canadian market (Howard Silverman Howard Silverman, 2017). However, it is obvious to maintain the product value to satisfy the customer perceived value. Social Canadian society reflects a significant gap between the higher income group and the lower income group. $ 66,160 is the average family income of the total Canadian population. However, 43.6% of the average income is earned by the top 20% of the families, whereas, the bottom 20% of the families earn around 5.2% of the average income. This leaves a large section of the society to in the middle income group. Hence, it will be wise for the company to address the upper and middle income group in the country to generate maximum revenue. Moreover, the western democratic cultures of the Canadian society leaves ample amount of opportunity for Australian UGG Boots Pvt Ltd. to expand in attract a significant portion of the target market towards their products (Ho, 2014). Technological The technological advancement in Canada has drastically changed after globalisation. The nation has attained technological advancement in every aspect ranging form energy production, industrial advancement, transportation, and aerospace and even in communication. Companies like IBM, BlackBerry have originated in Canada. Even the inventor of Java belongs form Canada. The modern technologies connects every corner of the nation that will be useful for Australian UGG Boot Pvt Ltd. in promoting their product in the market and utilise the full potential of social media marketing (Richardson Hull, 2017). However, technology incorporated in the boot industry might pose some challenge for the company as they use traditional manufacturing procedure that costs higher. Market Selection and Entry Strategy From the above market study, it can be suggested that the company can target every age group ranging from teenagers to the old aged as the company offers products covering the mentioned. Moreover, the company should identify the middle to upper economic group for generating maximum profit in the market. It is because of in overseas operation of the company. The overseas export will increase the production and service cost being incurred by the company. Market entry strategy on the other hand suggested for the company is indirect exporting. This will reduce the chances of loss that might occur in the process. The investment in the international market will be null in this case providing more opportunity for the Australian UGG boot manufacturing communities to grow (Laufs Schwens, 2014). Additionally, the cost associated with exporting will be considered as marketing expenses. Competitive Strategy Differentiation strategy for competing the customers in the overseas market will prove to be useful for Australian UGG Boot Pvt Ltd. This will enable the company to keep their price high in the market through differentiation. It is possible due to the uniqueness of the products provided by the company. The company will be selling authentic Australia made UGG boots in the Canadian market. The product itself will be unique and rare in the target market that will help the company keeping the price in the high-end. The authenticity of the products will also ensure the quality of the products, which in turn increasing the value proposition (Acquaah, Amoako-Gyampah Jayaram, 2011). Currently UGG, a brand of Decker Corporation is supplying similar products in the target market. However, the UGG boots offered by the company is China made which looses the authenticity and in turn considerably reduces the product value in the market. Pricing Strategy Market Penetration strategy of pricing can be utilised by the Australian UGG Boot Pvt Ltd for entering the Canadian market. It is often useful in attracting customers while launching new products in the market. The companies in this strategy keeps the pricing of the products in the high end for attracting their customers. Though the company has to incur significant amount of loss in its initial stage, it is considered as useful in long run. This is because the company using this strategy can place themselves in the higher segment of the market in comparison to their competitors (Yan Pei, 2011). This will reflect the quality of the products offered by the company. Moreover, as identified from the market analysis, positioning UGG boots as high-end products will be beneficial for the company. The purchasing power of the Canadian population can support the high price of the products by the company due to the increasing demand. Promotion Strategy The best way to promote products in Canada is social media promotion. This can be attributed to the technological advancement and its adaptation. Australian UGG Boots Pvt Ltd can utilise both social media and networking channels fro promoting their products in the market. Moreover, as the potential target market for the products offered address the complete age group of the population ranging from kids to olds, they have to identify every possible means to attract the whole population. The company can use pay per click, as it is useful in online promotion. Moreover, despite of advanced technology, Canadian culture supports the traditional newspapers. Hence, it will be wise to promote the products through newspaper advertisements to address the complete target market in the country (Hultman, Katsikeas Robson, 2011). On to it, the company can use sales promotion strategy in its initial days, as it is always useful in attracting customers. Moreover, the company also needs to communicate correct information regarding their products to build public relation in the target market. Hence, transparency is an important factor that needs to be followed. Distribution Strategy The market entry mode suggested for the company in Canadian market is indirect exporting, Australian UGG Boot Pvt Ltd. can utilise selective distribution as their distribution strategy. Company in this strategy will be reaching out their customers through a selected number of channels in the market (Terpstra, Foley Sarathy, 2012). It provides greater control over products as the products will be available only in certain retail stores of supermarkets in the target market. This will further help the company maintaining the demand in the target market by making it available only a selected number of stores in the area. Conclusion The above discussion can conclude the fact that Canadian market is a wonderful opportunity for Australian UGG Boot Pvt Ltd. The company can enjoy the supply of their products in the market almost without any competition as there are limited number of companies offering similar products. Moreover, the uniqueness and authenticity of their product will provide competitive advantage in the market. The market entry mode suggested above approves other strategies, as it will help maintaining product value by offering the authenticity, uniqueness and quality of their product. Moreover, the economic and social condition of the country will also support the promotion of the products in the market. Hence, it is unlikely for the company to face any hindrance following the above mentioned recommendations References Acquaah, M., Amoako-Gyampah, K., Jayaram, J. (2011). Resilience in family and nonfamily firms: an examination of the relationships between manufacturing strategy, competitive strategy and firm performance.International journal of production research,49(18), 5527-5544. Australianuggboots.com.au. (2017).About Us | Australian Ugg Boots Pty Ltd. Retrieved 17 December 2017, from https://www.australianuggboots.com.au/en-au/company/about-us Export.gov, (2017).Canada - 1-Openness to, and Restriction on Foreign Investment | export.gov. Retrieved 18 December 2017, from https://www.export.gov/article?id=Canada-Openness-to-Foreign-Investment Ho, J. K. K. (2014). Formulation of a systemic PEST analysis for strategic analysis.European academic research,2(5), 6478-6492. Howard Silverman, T., Howard Silverman, g. (2017). The Canadian FDI Climate: Taxes and Incentives Advantages - Area Development. areadevelopment.com.Retrieved 18 December 2017, from https://www.areadevelopment.com/Canada-Investment-Guide/Location-Canada-2012/Candian-FDI-climate-taxes-incentives-363537323.shtml Hultman, M., Katsikeas, C. S., Robson, M. J. (2011). Export promotion strategy and performance: the role of international experience.Journal of International Marketing,19(4), 17-39. Laufs, K., Schwens, C. (2014). Foreign market entry mode choice of small and medium-sized enterprises: A systematic review and future research agenda.International Business Review,23(6), 1109-1126. Richardson, W., Hull, J. (2017).Technology in Canada.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 17 December 2017, from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/technology/ Terpstra, V., Foley, J., Sarathy, R. (2012).International marketing. Naper Press. Tradingeconomics.com. (2017).Canada GDP per capita. Retrieved 17 December 2017, from https://tradingeconomics.com/canada/gdp-per-capita Yan, R., Pei, Z. (2011). Information asymmetry, pricing strategy and firm's performance in the retailer-multi-channel manufacturer supply chain.Journal of Business Research,64(4), 377-384

Management and World Trade Organizations in Global Environment

Question: Discuss about the Management and World Trade Organizations in Global Environment. Answer: Introduction Globalization is the procedure of global integration, which isincreasing from the exchange of world views, goods and services, ideas and the other aspects of customs. Mowforth and Munt (2015) opined that globalization implies the exchange of the markets in the world economy. Markets where globalization is familiar consists the financial markets and commodity markets. Financial markets include the capital markets, credit market, insurance market and the money markets. On the other hand, the commodity market includes the markets of goods and services. In the year of 2000, the international monetary fund (IMF) highlighted four basic characteristics of globalization such as trade and transactions, migration and movement of the people, changing of investment and the capital of an economy, integration of skills and knowledge (Wright 2016). Globalization has brought a large number of advantages from the global sellers as well as the domestic economies. Globalization has provided an incentiv e to the nations, which can be received due to the integration of comparative advantage (McCann and Acs 2015). This study will try to highlight whether the trade boarders are really collapsing after Global financial crisis or not. A global financial crisis is a situation where economic difficulty has been experiencing by the markets and by the customers. Therefore, global financial crisis refers a difficult business atmosphere, which forces the consumers to purchase fewer amounts of goods and services. This situation has sustained until the economic position improves (Rupert and Smith 2016). As a result, global financial crisis has a greater adverse impact on the trade boarders. The global economy has experienced the utmost severe financial crisis in the year of 2008-2009. During this great recession situation, the world trade had decreased massively. This situation was started from the third quarter of 2008 to the second quarter of 2009. However, after the third quarter of 2009, the international economy was started to improve. Therefore, it can be observed that the world trade was also star ted to bounce back (Georgiadis and Mehl 2016). Moreover, this study has also aimed to discuss the reasons behind the massive demonstrations against the globalization at WTO as well as G7 summit. The international trade agreement, which was proposed in the G7 summit, highlighted that an international trade fund would help the comparatively less developed countries to address the environmental changes (Obstfeld 2015). On the other hand, World trade organization has aimed to invest in the capital market of the emerging economy. In addition, international monetary fund- instituted structural adjustment programs were developed in order to boost the export. This would in turn assure the repayment of debts. Impact of Global Financial Crisis on trade boarders It is known that globalization has developed the communication and the countrys economy with the passage of time. In this point, Mr. Pankaj Ghemawat questioned that whether the world is really is as global as it is stated. Mr. Ghemawat questioned that is it globalization or globaloney (Lingard and McGregor 2014). He added that globaloney is associated with the idea, which refers that the globe is highly connected as well as interdependent than the data highlights it to be. As per the statement of Ghemawat, this globaloney would lead to the businesses as well as the governments to neglect the opportunities for the positive changes. These practices can also address the environmental factors or can estimate the rehabilitation trouble facing by European economy. Lindberg and Jtting (2016) opined that Pankaj Ghemawat started his presentation by highlighting the delegates at the Fifth Annual European Investment summit. He mainly questioned how the countries are globalised. What characteristics can be noticed regarding the inter-connectedness? Lastly, Ghemawat also questioned what the effects for Europe are.Todays popular predictions are that world is shrinking day by day. Not only, Stevenson (2014) argued technology is also reducing the distance and national boundary has been rising unnecessarily. On the other hand, Ghemawat showed that apart from this technological advancement, these factors overcome the predictions of small but frictionless world (Stevenson 2014). From the analysis of his primary research regarding globalization, Ghemawat criticized that people are hardly globalised compare to the perception. In this regard, he showed that the percentage of the global telephone calling is only 2%, the percentage of the immigrant citizens in a given nation is 3%. This rate of per cent is actually very lower than the prediction. It can be mentioned that after globalization, this rate requires to be higher. In addition, Potrafke (2015) opined that the percentage of exports compare to the rate of GDP is only 30%. Ghemawat also criticized that most of the people overestimate the rate of percentage under each of these groups in terms of substantial margin. Therefore, Ghemawat stated that this exchange of thoughts and culture is globaloney rather than the globalization (Cheng, Johansen and Hu 2015. Ghemawat also stated that people are not as attached as many predicts due to the law of distance. This will in turn implies that the disparity among several groups of people conclude the capacity and the willingness of several groups of people to interrelate with the others. According to Van Hoaand Harvie (2016), it can be stated that these disparities is based upon several components such as cultural, geographical, administrative or economic. In addition, these differences are compound as well as helpful to describe the limited characteristics of globalization. Pankaj Ghemawat also used maps of trade flows through the borders, where the physical size of the economy can be re-structured as per the necessities for countrys trade. Mr. Ghemawat wrote in his Global 3.0: Global Prosperity and How to Achieve It is that how global the people are? David Livingstone initially asked this question in the year of 1850. He also highlighted that the globe is not flat (Berden, Bergstrand and Etten 2014). When Ghemawat was asked about the advantages of making the world highly globalised, then he replied that Doha added only 0.1 per cent in the countrys GDP. It is quite difficult to be excited for a politician. It will be easier to decouple. Nevertheless, Lauderand Brown (2015) criticised that it is necessary to understand why the benefits are larger compared to the shapes, which get pushed out. One country can be used as an example to get the entire liberalization.In order to the entire liberalization of a merchandised trade; the figures that get churned out are approximately 0.5 per cent. In addition, Asongu and De Moor (2016) supported the words of Pankaj Ghemawat regarding the concept of value creation. Value creation can minimize the cost of production of the goods and services. This would in turn increase the potential quantity gains in globalization. This could effectively make the disparities of absolute cost.On the other hand, the changing of economies of scale cannot be described after globalization. It is one of the important sources of value creation, which tends to get overlooked. Secondly, globalization cannot change the consumers willingness to pay. However, Mitsilegas, Alldridge and Cheliotis (2015) argued that globalization can improve the structure of the industry. At the conference of world trade organization, a Mexican competition commissioner came and talked about the market situation of monopoly and oligopoly in Mexico. Likely, it was not discussed regarding the absence of risk reduction at this conference. After the discussion, it can be inferred that there is no risk in general equilibrium. However, the discussion related to the knowledge creation was missing at the conference of world trade organization. Apart from this flows of products and services, there are flows of capital, flows of information and flows of people (Auer, Borio and Filardo 2017). Therefore, Mr. Ghemawat highlights the benefits of the trade liberalization concept in the book of World 3.0. The GDP rate was increased from 2 per cent to 3 per cent. Nonetheless, as per the service liberalization concept, the rate of GDP was increased from 4 per cent to 5 per cent. As a result, it can be inferred that there are flows compared to the other products and services. People flows were in large volume. Nonetheless, it is noted that the complete liberation of immigration could be able to double the rate of GDP of the world. In this point, Zajda (2015) opined that the global GDP was increased from 3 per cent to 4 per cent. Ghemawat also discussed about the hype of exaggerated level of integration after globalization. As per this concept, it can be mentioned that an economy can increase their benefits through additional integration. Furthermore, Ghemawat has described the usefulness of CAGE model in his book. With this model, one can identify the economical and the geographical differences of the countries. For example, using this model, it can be determined that the labour cost is lower in China (Ivanovand Webster 2013). Anthony Giddens ideas Anthony Giddens is the director of London School of Economics and the professor of Political Science. He stated his view regarding globalisation in the book of Runaway World: How Globalisation is Reshaping Our Lives, which was published in the year of 1999. As per the opinion of Anthony Giddens, it can be mentioned that there are four major dimensions of globalization (Ivanov and Webster2013). He defines that globalization is the intensification of worldwide social connections, which can relate the distant localities. Therefore, local happenings are shaped with the help of events. First dimension can be identified as the world capitalist economy. As per this dimension, Devereux and Yetman (2014) cited that the major centres of power in this world economy could be identified as the capitalists state. It is the main form of production. In addition, the domestic and the international economic policies would be able to highlight different forms of regulation of economic activity. This co uld in turn capable to highlight the wide scope of global functioning of organizational cooperation. Therefore, in this context it can be inferred that the effect of specific state within the global political order can be identified by the level of wealth (Falola 2014). The second dimension of globalization is nation state system. With the help of this concept, sovereignty of an economy can be monitored. Sovereignty can highlight the link, which is associated with the replacement of frontiers by borders in the prior development of nation state process. In this context, it can be mentioned that autonomy within the geographical region is claimed by the condition is sanctioned as it can be identified by the recognition of the territory of different states (Kiely 2016). World military order is the third dimension. Therefore, it can be mentioned that massive destruction power of weaponry would reflect the strength of military. This function can also be observedin the pre modern civilization period. In the opinion of Berden, Bergstrand and Etten (2014), it can be mentioned that third world countries are supposed to be military powerful. During the time of cold war, two most military growth regions such as United States and Soviet Union developed a bipolar method of military alliances of truly global scope. Therefore, it can be inferred that the nations involved in these context effectively accepts the shortcomings over the opportunities and can forget the external independent strategies (Boivinet al. 2014). The fourth dimension was industrial development. The major reason of industrial development was to the expansion of global division of internal labour. This would in turn highlight the disparities among the more and the less industrialised areas within the world. Modern industry is depending upon the division of labour. In addition, it can be stated that development of modern industry is not only depending upon the level of job tasks but also depending upon the regional specialisation such as skill and knowledge of the employees, types of industry and also on the production of the raw materials. Moreover, Fukuzawa (2016) argued that since the Second World War, a major expansion of global interdependence had taken place under the division of labour. The major implication of industrialism is the global diffusion of technology. On the other hand, globalisation in the industrial sector influences the human communication with the material environment (Reese, Rosenmann and McGarty 2015. On the other hand, it can be noticed that the fundamental aspect of globalisation that lies behind each of the institutional dimensions, which have discussed in the above, could be described as the cultural globalisation. Therefore, in this context it can be added that the fifth dimension of globalisation can be identified as the culture (Livermore 2016). The following figure highlights the five major dimension of globalisation in the concept of Anthony Giddens. Globalization deals with the diffusion of thoughts, practices as well as technologies. Anthony stated that globalisation is more than universalization and internationalisation. Therefore, globalisation is not only connected with the westernization or modernisation. In addition, Eppinger and Potrafke (2015) criticised that globalisation is not also related with the liberalisation of markets. Anthony Giddens also explained globalisation as the strengthening of worldwide social relations. This relation can link the distant localities in such a manner that the local happenings can be shaped by organising global events. This will in turn involve the transformation in such a manner that the geography and regions have influenced. Nevertheless, McCann and Acs (2015) argued that globalisation also change the technological behaviour and sometimes it increases risks within the economy. Like Pankaj Ghemawat, Anthony Giddens argued that really people are living across the period of great political, economical or through the social change after globalisation? Globalization has become persistentin the countrys politics, however, its widespread utilisation can be described as a current phenomenon (Weiss 2014). On the other hand, Anthony showed that sceptics of the conceptcriticised that the degree of the global incorporation had highly exaggerated. These were nothing fundamentally new regarding the globalisation. As a result, the global trading markets, exchange of the currency, mass migration and the global cosmopolitan culture would be affected. Moreover, other important side of globalisation was hyberglobalizers (Georgiadisand Mehl 2016). In this context, Anthony Giddens questioned that whether hyperglobalizers trumpeted a world of the dramatic transition as well as new global dynamics. Therefore, it can be inferred the corporations and the use of technologies dominate that world. Here, government had not such real power and the residents of a country did not have faith in the traditional politics (Eppinger and Potrafke 2015. In this purpose, Giddenscriticised that this argument is now associated with the trend of the past.Therefore, more specifically, it can be mentioned that this argu ment is now related with the consequences of globalisation, however, is not related with the reality of globalisation (Lingard and McGregor 2014). As per the concept of todays globalisation debate, all aspects have been transferred in a fundamental way. Presently, Anthony highlighted that the world has been experiencing cross border trade in case of the transaction of physical commodities. Therefore, it can be observed that the trade in service as well information has been increasing day by day (Janks 2014. The end of poverty movement In the year of 2005, the G8 summit in Gleneagles, Scotland, was covered by political factors and issues.The major issue related with the end of poverty was primary attraction of the G8 summit discussion. Globalisation also focused to the mitigation of the end of poverty of the world. In this context, the macroeconomic solutions would be able to change the entire economic situation. On the other hand, the concept of degrowth was explained with the help of micro economic solutions (Cheng, Johansen and Hu 2015). These solutions are benefitted to motivate the citizens. In addition, the public officials, corporations, other educational institutions can address the core causes of poverty. Corporate globalisation is not the ideal approach to mitigate the poverty of the world. This was the greater insight in case of the demonstration against World Trade Organisation in 1999 and also against the G8 in Genoa in the year of 2001 and Annemasse in 2003. End of poverty movement is indirectly related with the trade not aid strategy. According to Rupert and Smith (2016), trade not aid strategy is depending upon the principles, which stated that if the developing nations were capable to trade more freely with the wealthy nations, the developing nations would be capable to earn higher income (Mowforth and Munt 2015). These countries would be less dependent on the external aids in order to carry the development projects. Therefore, it can be inferred that international trade would increase incomes as well as standard of living of the poor and underdeveloped countries. They can develop their economy by selling the goods to the rich countries. As a result, it can be mentioned that t his trading relationship between the developed and the underdeveloped nations can increase the economic performance of the countries (Lindberg and Jtting 2016). This will in turn mitigate the poverty of the less developed nations. This relationship can be explained with the help of the poverty reduction theory. Therefore, trade between the countries can boost up the economy and the export of the less developed countries will be improved. On the contrary, Van Hoa and Harvie (2016) argued that most developed and wealthy nations impose higher rate of tariff on the products, which are exported by the developing and the underdeveloped nations. In this context, it can be stated that in order to sell the products in developed nations, exporters in the developing nations require to pay high tax. This will in turn make an effect on the pricing structure of the goods and services after they enter into the market. Developed nations subsidize their own sector to set the domestically produced products low, thereby; this will sustain competition from the poorer nations. From this point, it can be mentioned that tariff or quota in case of world trade increase the differentiation. As a result, the level of poverty will be increased in the developing countries. For example, it can be illustrated that Middle Eastern nations suffer from average clothing tariffs by 15 per cent on the $4.2 billion in case of export to United States in ea ch of the year. In addition, Lauder and Brown (2015) opined that as per the constitution of progressive public policy, the Middle Eastern nations exports lower volume of merchandise to United States compared to France due to the higher rate of tariff. As a result, United States charged higher rate of tax on clothes compared to the manufactured products. This has created difficulties to the developing nations, where clothing is supposed to be a primary export industry. According to Asongu and De Moor (2016), openness and trade liberalisation are the major components of national policy, which are necessary to identify the economic growth and the aggregate economic well being. Moreover, poverty is the greatest failure of contemporary global economy and it is identified as the greatest challenges of 21st century. The procedure of trade liberalisation could have caused the poverty. If trade liberation and poverty can be estimated, then trade liberalisation can be measured as the major economic shocks.Liberalisation of type a will have the effect of type b. Moreover. Poverty impacts will base upon why people are poor to start with (Berden, Bergstrand and Etten 2014). As per the UN Millennium projectreport, trade liberation is the poor countries undermine the poverty reduction. There is a negative relationship between the trading situation and neo liberalism. However, Mitsilegas, Alldridg and Cheliotis (2015) argued that higher rate of tariff increase the debt within the country. This will in turn make the country poorer from the previous. In addition, it can be stated that international monetary fund and world bank stop to impose the free market policies. Therefore, the profitability earning from the business will be declined and the level of poverty will be increased with respect to the other countries. The people will suffer from income inequality. Moreover, it can be stated that the GDP growth rate of the countries will be decreased. Nevertheless, Auer, Borio and Filardo (2017) argued that there is a negative relationship between the globalisation and poverty. In this connection, Harrison wrote in his book is that developing countries are growing after globalisation within the global trading system. However, world poverty level has been falling with the passage of time. Therefore, it can be added that the poor people do not gains from trade. In addition, Ivanov and Webster (2013) cited that the abundance of unskilled labour do not get the advantage from the trade reform.Poor are willing to share in the benefits from globalisation when they get the maximum mobility. In addition, it can be noticed that growths in countrys export and the incoming foreign investment have decreased the poverty in each of the country such as Poland, Mexico after globalisation. However, Auer, Borio and Filardo (2017) criticised that in the country like Indonesia, the rate of poverty was increased by 50 per cent after arising the situation of currency crisis in the year of 1997. The relationship between the globalisation and poverty concludes that this relationship is based not only on trade or financial globalisation but also on the connection of globalisation with the remaining economic environment. Reese, Rosenmann and McGarty (2015) added that labour legislation can protect the rights in the developing nations. These legislations are benefitted to adjust the cost structure and also reflect the labour force benefits from globalisation in the short run. Lastly, it can be mentioned that the unskilled employees of developing countries will get the opportunity from glob alisation by increasing the demand for the labour intensive product (Devereux and Yetman 2014). Therefore, cross country study highlights that globalisation is accompanies by rising of inequality within the developing nations, which will in turn decrease the poverty. Conclusion The major concern of this study is that after globalisation, countrys economy has been growing. It introduces massive development in the capital market. The communication between the countries has increased. In addition, countrys trading situation has also improved. With the help of world trade, one country can boost up the economy. As a result, the rate of GDP has improved. The exporters get the benefit to increase their revenue earning. This implies that the standard of living of the country has increased. In a synopsis, it can be mentioned that after globalisation, the world is getting smaller in terms of greater communication, relationships and also in terms of conducting better decision making procedure. The world is becoming shrinking.However, Mr. Pankaj Ghemawat questioned that whether the people are really globalised? He argued that this changing of the world is associated with the concept of globaloney. Similarly, Anthony Giddens also criticised that after globalisation, peo ple of the countries have been suffering from several political, economical and social factors after globalisation. Lastly, it can be inferred that after global financial crisis, trade boarders are collapsing. Therefore, world financial market has been suffering from risks. Due to higher flow of capital among the nations, the countries will suffer from unfair and immoral income distribution. Recommendation Global economic incorporation is associated with the insufficient global governance. In the close economy, the governmental power can shape the countrys economic performance. However, it can be observed that after globalisation; most of the countries have lost the policy space. Therefore, it can be recommended that global governance requires to assure a balance national policy space along with the international policy cooperation. Global governance will be able to accelerate the domestic economy; will balance between the markets and the governments. Moreover, the global governance needs to control and manage the entire process wisely in favour of the markets. It is necessary to focus to the global governance reform in the G20 summit. In addition, it can be recommended that the global governance can adopt a broader perspective on the threat spectrum. References Asongu, S.A. and De Moor, L., 2016. Financial globalisation dynamic thresholds for financial development: evidence from Africa. The European Journal of Development Research. Auer, R., Borio, C.E. and Filardo, A.J., 2017. The globalisation of inflation: the growing importance of global value chains. Berden, K., Bergstrand, J.H. and Etten, E., 2014. Governance and globalisation.The World Economy, 37(3), pp.353-386. Boivin, N., Crowther, A., Prendergast, M. and Fuller, D.Q., 2014.Indian Ocean food globalisation and Africa.African Archaeological Review, 31(4), pp.547-581. Cheng, Y., Johansen, J. and Hu, H., 2015. Exploring the interaction between RD and production in their globalisation.International Journal of Operations Production Management, 35(5), pp.782-816. Devereux, M.B. and Yetman, J., 2014. Globalisation, pass-through and the optimal policy response to exchange rates.Journal of International Money and Finance, 49, pp.104-128. Eppinger, P. and Potrafke, N., 2015. Did Globalisation Influence Credit Market Deregulation?.The World Economy. Falola, T., 2014.Transnationalisation, denationalisation and deterritorialisation: contemporary cultures in the context of globalisation. The Social Contract in Africa, p.5. Fukuzawa, R.E., 2016. of Teachers Unions and the Politics of Education in Japan (SUNY Press, 2001), International Education Policy in Japan in an Age of Globalisation and Risk (Global Oriental, 2013) as well as numerous articles on Japanese education and language policy. Malcolm Cooper teaches tourism management and environmental law at. The Impact of Internationalization on Japanese Higher Education: Is Japanese Education Really Changing?,22, p.231. Georgiadis, G. and Mehl, A., 2016. Financial globalisation and monetary policy effectiveness.Journal of International Economics, 103, pp.200-212. Ince, A., Featherstone, D., Cumbers, A., MacKinnon, D. and Strauss, K., 2015. British jobs for British workers? Negotiating work, nation, and globalisation through the Lindsey Oil Refinery disputes. Antipode, 47(1), pp.139-157. Ivanov, S.H. and Webster, C., 2013. Globalisation as a driver of destination competitiveness. Janks, H., 2014, January. Globalisation, diversity, and education: A South African perspective. In The Educational Forum (Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 8-25).Taylor Francis Group. Kiely, R., 2016.Questioning the Rise of the South I: Economic Globalisation and US Power. In The Rise and Fall of Emerging Powers (pp. 43-60). Springer International Publishing. Lauder, H. and Brown, P., 2015.Economic globalisation, skill formation, and development. Lindberg, C. and Jtting, J., 2016. Gender, Globalisation and Economic Development in Asia.Border Crossings: Grenzverschiebungen und Grenzberschreitungen in einerglobalisierten Welt, 42, p.135. Lingard, B. and McGregor, G., 2014. Two contrasting Australian Curriculum responses to globalisation: what students should learn or become. Curriculum Journal, 25(1), pp.90-110. Livermore, D.M., 2016. Globalisation of antibiotic resistance.Microbiology Australia, 37(4), pp.198-201. McCann, P. and Acs, Z.J., 2015. Globalisation: Countries, cities and multinationals. Global Entrepreneurship, Institutions and Incentives: The Mason Years, 45, p.371. Mitsilegas, V., Alldridge, P. and Cheliotis, L. eds., 2015.Globalisation, criminal law and criminal justice: theoretical, comparative and transnational perspectives. Bloomsbury Publishing. Mowforth, M. and Munt, I., 2015.Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third world. Routledge. Obstfeld, M., 2015.Trilemmas and trade-offs: living with financial globalisation. Potrafke, N., 2015. The evidence on globalisation.The World Economy, 38(3), pp.509-552. Reese, G., Rosenmann, A. and McGarty, C., 2015. Globalisation and global concern: Developing a social psychology of human responses to global challenges. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(7), pp.799-805. Rupert, M. and Smith, H. eds., 2016.Historical Materialism and Globalisation: Essays on Continuity and Change. Routledge. Schotle, J.A., 2015. Globalisation, governance and corporate citizenship.MacIntosh, M.(2015). Business, Capitalism and Corporate Citizenship: A Collection of Seminal Essays. Greenleaf Publishing in association with GSE Research, pp.43-53. Stevenson, N., 2014. The Transformation of the Media: Globalisation, Morality and Ethics. Routledge. Van Hoa, T. and Harvie, C. eds., 2016.New Asian regionalism: responses to globalisation and crises. Springer. Weiss, L., 2014. Guiding Globalisation: The Renewal of Developmental Purpose in Korea and Taiwan.Occasional Paper, (21), pp.89-106. Wright, S., 2016.Language policy and language planning: From nationalism to globalisation. Springer. Zajda, J., 2015. Globalisation and its impact on education and policy. In Second International Handbook on Globalisation, Education and Policy Research (pp. 105-125). Springer Netherlands.

Demand Forecasting Essay Example

Demand Forecasting Essay Order Management Systems 6. Demand Planning 7. Procurement Planning 8. Name of the software those are available in the market 1. Enterprises Resources Planning ( ERP) A. Total ERP B. Oracle Ill ERP or Enterprise Resource Planning software provides and cover variety of essential functions that Integrates every department of your business around the world by providing real-time view of your data and processes. ERP also streamline every department workflow for better decision making and growth. An ERP software package can help your business in many ways some of them are as follows: ERP helps in streamlining your Business Process and Workflow It helps you in better customer support and services You gain real time data from various departments allowing quick and powerful session making Reduce paper work, duplication of entries and Manual entries. To summarize ERP system helps in increasing your productivity level, profits and altogether growth of our organization. 2. Ware House Management systems. A. Fire WHAMS b. CEO RIFF WHAMS Warehouse Management Systems are primarily designed to combine the functioning of hardware, software, and peripheral devices. Implementation of a well designed competitive advantage through real time inventory management, reduced labor costs, superior customer service, increased inventory accuracy, better flexibility and expensiveness. Present day warehouse management systems are increasingly relying on a mix of new and old innovations to better integrate warehouse operations into the overall supply chain in a cost effective way. We will write a custom essay sample on Demand Forecasting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Demand Forecasting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Demand Forecasting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The must have features of a WHAMS that primarily contributes in developing a lean supply chain are: Business Intelligence Business Intelligence identifies, extracts, and analyzes the entire business data in real time and converts it into functional information. All these information are then displayed in customized dashboards to the decision makers thereby enabling greater usability of the supply chain and hence improved and efficient decision making capability. The major Business Intelligence functions for warehouses are: o Inventory Analysis o Track Inventory turnover o Space utilization Analysis o Barded tracking for Inventory and material o Perfect Order management Integrated EDI system EDI enables organizations exchange business oriented information such as purchase orders, invoices, sales orders, vendor bills, and inventory orders and list. It utilizes a mapping tool which transforms information into an internationally accepted standard format. The following are some benefits of EDI integration with WHAMS: o a. Less paper handling Real time information No mailing cost Faster exchange of data and relevant information No repetition of data Direct communication Transportation Scheduling Systems :- De- Facto Software Transports computerized scheduling and dispatch software provides the tools you need to optimize your routes. Key Functionality Includes: Live scheduling using calendar functions Ability to quickly book trips from pick up to drop off Automatic client look-up feature for repeat trips allowing for quick routing Google Maps automated distance ululations as your aide Assign runs based on drivers and vehicles 4. Manufacturing Execution Scheduling :- a. Fact MESS. B. SAP MESS c. Manufacturing execution system (MESS) software is used to manage and monitor work-in-process on the factory floor. Plant managers and production personnel use MESS software to support collaborative manufacturing strategies that are designed to integrate disparate data streams from a companys supply chain, factory floor, and enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. Selecting manufacturing execution system (MESS) software requires a detailed analysis of capabilities and features. Some rodents provide operator instructions for each stage of production. Others provide finite scheduling, workflow management, resource planning, and quality analysis (CA) features. Most MESS software is designed to improve asset productivity, reduce order- to-ship times, and eliminate costly rework. Typically, industries that implement manufacturing execution system (MESS) software treat cycle-time, the total time to produce an order, as a key performance indicator (KIP). D. Machine monitoring sensors and shop floor data collection (SF) terminals transmit production data from the factory floor to manufacturing execution system (MESS) software. MESS software that includes supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) features can collect data from machine-mounted sensors. This information is then transmitted to a central computer for processing. In turn, software-based algorithms send real-time instructions to devices such as programmable logic controllers (PL). Some manufacturing execution system (MESS) software is designed for use with manual SF terminals. With these systems, users enter information such as Job numbers, labor codes, and production counts. E. Manufacturing execution system (MESS) software can be used to schedule tasks by facility, work center, machine, and/or employee skill set. Products that include capacity planning features allow schedulers to load Jobs against an organizations total production capacity. Advanced production scheduling (APS) offers finite scheduling options and a visual representation of projected workloads. Production requirements planning (PR) and material requirement planning (MR.) allows schedulers to define processes with multiple tasks. Manufacturing execution system (MESS) software that integrates PR and MR. with inventory management and procurement can generate a schedule which specifies when required materials should be ordered. 5. Customer Relationship Management:- a. Quality Integrity CRM b. Sotto CRM c. Age CRM Well-designed CRM includes the following characteristics: 1. Relationship management is a customer-oriented feature with service response based on customer input, one-to-one solutions to customers requirements, direct online communications with customer and customer service centers that help implement sales promotion analysis, automate tracking of a clients account history for repeated sales or future sales, and also coordinate sales, marketing, cal l centers, and retail outlets in order to realize the salesrooms automation. 3. Use of technology. This feature is about following the technology trend and skills of value delivering using technology to make up-to-the-second customer data available. It applies data warehouse technology in order to aggregate transaction information, to merge the information with CRM solutions, and to provide KIP (key performance indicators). 4. Opportunity management. This feature helps the company to manage unpredictable growth and demand and implement a good forecasting model to integrate sales history with sales projections. 5. Order Management Systems :- a. Order Motion b. Ability MOMS Order Management c. CSS Order Management Manage Your Customers Consolidate your multiple sales channels, along with your Customer, Order, Inventory, and Marketing information all within the MOMS Order Management Software Platform. Allow Customer Service Reps to have access to data at their fingertips for keeping in touch with their customers. Search, display, export, update, and reference all customer data within one user interface for Cars, sales, and marketing teams. Handle Your Orders View your transactions and order statuses live, online, 2417, while maintaining your customers order history for future up-selling and reporting. Place orders, process drop shipments, and amend existing orders from a single domain or from multiple domains and sales channels via our Order Management Software. Create purchase orders and process Vendor drop ship orders automatically via our Order Management Software. Monitor Your Inventory Predict estimated depletion dates and set automated reorder points, while keeping up -to-date on current stock levels and inventory in real time. Minimize stock on-hand and eliminate excess storage with the ability to calculate minimum order quantities and thresholds, based on previous order history and current inventory data. Increase Your Sales Configure Special Offers and E-mail Promotion by using history of sales reports. Create geographic promotions, based on product movement and popularity, down to the SKU level. Manage your Sales Reps, Affiliate Programs, and Referral Tracking, to see where your sales are coming from. Ship Your Products Generate labels, packing slips, and tracking numbers, while using multi-carrier shipment options to best suit your customers needs, all through our Order with RFC Guns, Picking, Packing and Order Processing, all with real-time inventory features. Manage auto shipments, drop shipments, and create backorder shipment options. Save Your Money Reduce shipping fees and significantly improve your shipping revenues, while keeping your customers happy. Use our Order Management Softwares automated shipment information to get a list of real-time rates that are instantly returned from major carriers. Access estimated arrival dates easily for both domestic and international shipm ents. Pass on margins or discounts based on total shipping cost or a flat rate to your end consumer. 6. Demand Planning :- a. Sotto Demand Planning Software b. Oracle Demand Planning software c. A Demand Planning Process describes the activities that are required to develop one agreed organizational plan to drive sales and operations planning and financial planning. The first stage of the process is for forecasts to be developed through statistical analysis and Judgments. The second stage is to have management and stakeholder overview of the forecasts to ensure ownership but also to override with strategic requirements, business policy and business knowledge. In large organizations, demand planning often involves overview or constraining at a central bevel, unconstrained forecasts that have been prepared at a local level. This may be to ensure fit with the overall marketing strategy of the business when supply is constrained. D. The forecasting process should be based on historical demand data, information from the market and should also account for impacts of strikes and promotions. Ideally history of sales should be demand history and not actual sales history. The reason is that sales history may reflect what the customer was forced to accept at the time due to shortcomings in customer service or business performance rather than hat they had preferred at the time. E. The management and stakeholder review is critical for obtaining ownership by sales management and is where ideally customer overview should also be obtained (collaborative forecasting). Overall, demand planning should be seen as a process using expert people supported by forecasting tools where appropriate, not the other way around. 7. Procurement Systems:- a. I sourcing Solution b. Procuring c. Oracle Ill d. Oracle Procurement software is business software that helps to automate the purchasing function of organizations. Activities including raising and approving purchase orders, electing and ordering the product or service, receiving and matching the invoice and department to see everything that is ordered, ensure that nothing can be ordered without correct approvals, and lets them get the best value by combining several orders for the same type of good or even getting suppliers to bid for the business. There are literally thousands of e-Procurement software providers. Procurement software comes in industry specific forms, such as Traced for global trade,for hospitality industry, Procuring for construction and software industries, or generically or all types of spend from software vendors like Dodo, GAP, Spend, b-pack, Arabia, SAP, Automation Centre, or Oracle. Buying organizations choice can be driven by the particular strengths offered by each individual system and the number of vendors available through them. A multinational or otherwise large organization will use a shared procurement system to take advantage of economies of scale to drive down the cost of purchases. While traditionally most e-procurement software systems have been designed for larger organizations, there are now also systems available for the SMB market, such as the Free-procurement Project by Spend. Whilst some services are available to purchase through automated systems, the key strength of these systems lies in the procurement of commodities that are much easier to standardize. . The key benefit for organizations using procurement software include ease of administration and potential long-term cost savings. Having a single interface for procurement related management information cuts down the time and effort required to monitor organizational spending. The use of such software also allows procurement managers to control the vendors used by the wider organization o all employees take advantage of negotiated rates and other terms of service. Common Features of Procurement Software Systems a. Requisitions Creation of a purchase order with line items to be fulfilled by a vendor. Automated Sending via Fax or Email b. Vendor Follow Up Automated, or reminders to follow up with Vendors to Confirm Purchase Orders. C . Receiving of Goods or Services Maintaining a physical inventory of goods. D. Financial Settlement Creation of financial and/or inventory related transactions as goods are physically received. Conclusion :- These are above described about Technologies those used in SCM process.

The King is Dead. Long Live the King!

The King is Dead. Long Live the King! The King is Dead. Long Live the King! The King is Dead. Long Live the King! By Maeve Maddox A reader is puzzled by an expression: This is regarding the proverb The *Something* is Dead. Long Live *Something*. Ive seen it being used in various contexts where *Something* is replaced by wordssuch as Internet, Article etc. Could you please elaborate on it, as I have been unable to find any reference to it. The reader is not a native English speaker, but there may be native speakers who use the expression without being aware of its origin. The expression derives from the announcement that follows the death of a monarch. My first encounter with it came when I read Twain’s The Prince and the Pauper: The King is dead. Long live the King! The first King refers to the deceased ruler; the second King refers to his successor. When King George VI of England died in 1952, the announcement was: The King is dead. Long live the Queen! The expression has been adapted by headline writers to convey the idea that something old has been replaced by something new. Here are two examples from the Web: The ATM is Dead. Long Live the ATM! The article that follows is about the decline in the use of cash that is making the old type of ATM obsolete. It describes new functions being added to ATMs to enable them to provide services other than cash delivery. The Euro is Dead – Long Live the Swissy The article that follows reports the fact that the Swiss government has freed their national currency to rise in value above the euro. Swissy refers to the Swiss franc. When used in contexts other than the passing of a monarch, the â€Å"Long Live† expression means that something has been updated or replaced. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and TimesOne Sheep, Two Sheep, One Fish, Two Fish . . .Comma After Introductory Phrases

Why Do People Go to School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why Do People Go to School - Essay Example That is exactly why people send their children to school. They want to see them succeed as lawyers, doctors, artists, engineers and all the jobs that pay well. But I don’t agree with Paul when he says that when children go to school wearing uniforms, they look like as if they are being drafted into something. To a certain point in the school career, children need to learn the basics, that is necessary. No one is pressing and molding children into robots by sending them to schools. There is a reason why there is a greater number of successful people who went to school than those who didn’t. While at school, children don’t only delve into their books, there is a whole package of school education. For instance, the extra-curricular activities are not directly related with job hunting but, they are necessary for overall grooming and development of body and mind, which is something people get as a side dish when they get a school education. When a person goes to school, he meets new people, makes new friends, deals with them in dorms. School education teaches students how to meet deadlines on their assignments and juggle huge workloads of various subjects. That is why when an employer hires a person who has gone to school knows that that person is good at time management and multitasking. Paul Murray probably has the same idea about education and learning as John Holt. Unschooling is a term coined by John Holt in referring to custom learning. This type of learning has a purpose not for the schools or college admins but for the students who are learning those things. There is no imposing of any kind on the child. If he is interested in hot rods, his interest might lead him to learn the mechanics of an engine or even building a complete automobile.   Considering a hypothetical situation, had Rex Walls had sent his children to regular schools, he would be had to get a decent regular job like everyone else and his children would not have to steal lunch from other schoolmates and root trash cans for food. But demonstrating Unschooling, what Rex and her wife taught their children about literature, art, music, history, astronomy, geology, and mathematics added so much useful knowledge to their children’s learning but character training was completely absent from. An d that is why such an intelligent and knowledgeable family had to live their lives like nomads. I don’t disagree with Paul Murray and John Holt on the basic idea about education and it is a fact that deep down inside, no one wants to go to school as it is hard work. But I need more pragmatic solutions to their idea of not going to school or Unschooling. Loitering around, doing nothing, watching movies, playing in the parks and sleep when tired, sounds like a dream life but imagine if everyone starts doing this, then there would be no more technicians and engineers to run a TV station. There would be no journalists and writers to play interesting news on TV and publish interesting books and magazines. Like food and water, knowledge or education is the basic necessity of a successful life and school education is one safe way to achieve that.

Plz make my college app perfect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Plz make my college app perfect - Essay Example I also carry out some design work at my free time and have had made great collections that are a source of my inspiration. Peculiarly, I ever am passionate about fashion and design to the point that when I meet people in the street I am always evaluating their wears whether they are matching or contrasting outfits. Academically, since when I was in the 11th grade I realized I had a passion on clothing and accessories. When I read about SCAD I was happy to learn that the three courses; accessory design, fashion and Jewelry and objects that I wish to major are offered in the school. This combination will be an opportunity to learn nearly everything in fashion design and will allow me to have more chance in the future after I finish college as only SCAD give student chance to have triple major. Despite the challenges that people may view my triple major combination with, I am passionate and believe that I will manage and will not be deterred. Finally, I believe that the chance offered by SCAD will help me explore more area and give me more knowledge and insights than I can learn in other schools. Professionally, SCAD is an opportunity and doorway to achieving my career goals in life as it will empower me with all the knowledge and skills to kick start my career. This is because after completing my triple major in SCAD I plan to become a designer first as an employee and later to set up my own designing company after gaining enough experience in the industry. Through this expedite, I will have a good chance to express my artistic touch, definition and contribute to the fashion and design industry. Through making my clients happy about my designs and expressions of beauty is the ultimate form of satisfaction in life and by achieving this I will have made the world a better place. In conclusion, SCAD is the key to attaining most of my professional, academic and personal goals. In addition, the opportunity to triple

Possible Danger of Posting Personal Information in Networking Research Paper

Possible Danger of Posting Personal Information in Networking - Research Paper Example On the sites, the content creation of the users and the social interaction and networking between users are not separate. Both the activities take place in one environment and this poses a challenge to the policy developers. More than 50 per cent of the teens use these social networking sites and do not appear to have reservations about balancing privacy and awareness. The adults use it to remain connected and the businesses to derive benefits out of it. Despite the benefits, the pitfalls can be precarious. This paper will discuss whether this has led to a generational shift in how people relate between private and public space. Web 2.0 is the second generation of web-based services and tools that emphasize online sharing collaboration among users. It is no longer a place that holds static pages; it is no longer a â€Å"medium† that people come to. The web pages are now dynamic and organized and based on serving web applications to users. It is now a platform that enables or delivers Web-based services to users, independent of the computer they use. Web 2.0 has no ‘walled gardens’ which implies information can freely flow in and out of the web services (James, 2007). There are rich user experience and data organization; it provides services and has characteristics that support and enhance interaction among users. Web 2.0 helps to create websites that look and can act like desktop programs. Examples of web 2.0 include Blogs and Wikis, IM Chat, tagging, RSS Feeds, Google Maps and Docs. Photos and video sharing and social networking are the web 2.0 tools, social office suites and podcasts (C arpenter & Steiner, 2005).