Smallpox in New England :: Colonial Diseases Native Americans Essays

Smallpox in New EnglandThe original New England Natives first felt the effects of Smallpox and other diseases during the first decade of the sixteenth century. This was in brief after John Cabot explored the coast in 1498. By 1504, constant fishing eludings were being made by the French and Portuguese, which started the spread of disease. However, It wasnt until the outbreak of 1616 and 1617, when enormous numbers of natives were killed. Diseases like chicken Pox, cholera, the plague, tuberculosis, and many others were introduced to New England for the first time. For the most part, Europeans had become immune to these diseases over the years. The natives, on the other hand, were all told vulnerable. Native Americans were completely susceptible to contracting the disease, but they werent the only victims. Twenty people died on the Mayflower as a result of variola major virus. There was a smallpox outbreak in Plymouth Colony around 1633. Twenty people died including the ir only physician. This was the beginning of the colonials struggle with the disease.Smallpox became distinguishable as the most destructive disease in New England in 1633. From this date forward, smallpox continued to plague New England. Captain John Oldham was considered the first Englishman to conduct explorations along the Connecticut River. After his trip north, there was a severe breakout of smallpox. Many Natives held him responsible for the thousands of deaths that spread from Maine to New York and up into Quebec. The truth of the matter is Henry Hudson and his followers had already begun spread the disease into New England from above, in Canada. Quebec was established in 1608. The French found an oppurtunity to trade in nearby Ontario with both the Huron and Iroquois. This interaction led to a smallpox outbreak in the area between 1634 and 1640. In 1636, The Jesuits provided Hurons, Abenakis, and tribes of the St.

Is Insanity Normal? Essay -- Mental Illness Insane Crazy Norm essays

Is Insanity Normal?Works Cited MissingWere all mad here. Im mad. Youre mad-The Cheshire Cat from Lewis Carrolls Alices Adventures in WonderlandHave you ever questioned your sanity? Have you ever appetencyed you could change, for even one day, and be the person that others cherished you to be? Have you ever actually made that change, either by choice or by force? Do you think youre common? Maybe youve lived the most normal life you could imagine. Or maybe not. Maybe youre life is so abnormal and outrageous that you dont wish to be normal. Have you ever questioned your sanity?IntroductionInsanity appears in various forms and we all know how to mentally picture it. We can create establish images of insane individuals in our heads and, very often, feel comfortable with those images. Maybe we picture the serial killer on television, the old woman next door who refuses to resign her house, the people in rubber rooms, or even ourselves. Despite whom we picture, however, we, as members of this society, have a tendency to label those who act differently from us doddery or insane. Society attempts to classify the sane and insane based on how normal or abnormal they argon. Unfortunately, this forces us into a binary view of individuals that causes many of those individuals to lose their senses of uniqueness and freedom. This also causes others to discriminate based on their differences. What we fail to realize is that the line we establish between sane and insane is unclear and incalculable and, therefore, gives us no grounds for bias. For that reason, we must abandon it entirely because the categories it forms inhibit some from living their ideal modes of life. We need to, essentially, stop classifying abn... ...ation. For example, there are Gay and Lesbian Pride groups, Fat Pride groups, the Deaf Community, and so forth, but because the line society draws for insanity is so ambiguous, and clear categories are indeterminable, it is insufferable to form an Insan e Pride group, for instance. The only current option for these people, therefore, is to stay within the binary. We need to find a way to resist this need to set because, in reality, we all in some way fit into the category of the insane to different degrees. Hence, we need to establish ourselves as individuals with needs. We must begin to mien at what we have come to call insanity in a new way and, in effect, exclude the word from our vocabulary. If we can, therefore, find some way to eliminate the stigma and reaffirm the spectrum, we will be able to treat others and ourselves affectively and appropriately.

A Notion of Zero in the Philosophy of Aristotle :: Philosophical Math Essays

A Notion of Zero in the Philosophy of AristotleABSTRACT This article shows that Aristotle created the first notion of a zero in the report of human thought. Since this notion stood in evident contradiction to the basic principles of his metaphysics and logic, he rejected it.The origin and development of mathematical symbols was closely connected with the development of maths itself and development of philosophy. It directed from the fact that philosophy provided the motivation for investigations and creation of adequate and good mathematical symbols. Moreover, being genius of the cultural factors, (1) it played a significant subroutine in the process of carrying or rejecting certain notions.This article aims at producing evidence that particular ideas of Hellenic philosophy made it impossible for Hellenic thinkers to accept notion of a zero. The following considerations will be preceded by brief information on the ancient notations.The ancient numeric clays aimed at ascribing to a gay whole number or written symbol (up to a point determined by practical needs). This symbol was a combination of a check number of signs, produced on the basis of more or less regular laws. (2) Three ancient groups of people the Babylonians, the Chinese and the Mayas discovered a position principle, that is one of the prerequisites leading to discovering a zero and considering it a number. (3) The first appeared in the Babylonian numeration in the 3rd century BC as a result of overcoming ambiguity in the notation of numbers. The sign for a zero that is the so-called diagonally drafted double nail ( ) indicated, first of all, a lack of units of some sixty order. It was also treated as kind of an arithmetic operator, since adding it at the end meant multiplication by sixty. But neither the Babilonian mathematicians nor astronomers treated zero as a number. A diagonally drafted double nail was conceived of as an empty place, that is a lack of unites of a respective order.Hell enes people used two systems of denoting numbers. The Athenian system was mathematically equal to the Roman system, whereas the Ionic system, just wish well the Hebrew system, was a system of an alphabetic type. In both systems, just like in the Egyptian hieroglyphic system or the Hebrew numeration, numbers had their established values regardless of the place they were put in. (4) None of the Hellenic system was based on a position principle, none of them used a symbol of zero, either.

Adpatogens and the PrimeQuest Program :: Science Botany Scientific Essays

Adpatogens and the PrimeQuest plan Adaptogens are naturally occurring substances found in rare plants and herbs. Adaptogens were discovered by Israel I. Brekhman, M.D., a renowned Russian research pharmacologist and physiologist. Brekhman coined the term adaptogen as a plant type with certain characteristics (1) it is absolutely safe and non-toxic, (2) it increases the bodys nonspecific resistance to internal and external stimuli, and (3) it brings any disfunctioning body schema back into balance (http//www.best.com/-mcintyre/primequest/product/adapt.shtml). Adaptogens began being used by Russian cosmonauts and elite Russian athletes in the early 1970s when the Soviet Union stepped go forth into the international arena as a dominant force. The breakthrough by Brekhman was kept secret from the rest of the world until a former Soviet majestic coach, Dr. Ben Tabachnik, began introducing the Russian adaptogen formula when he emigrated to the United States in 1990. The unique formula of adaptogens discovered by Brekhman is now marketed under the PrimeQuest High Performance Program. Scientific establish has shown that this unique combination of adaptogens can successfully combat the negative effects of stress, mitigate health and well-being, and enhance athletic performance (Avery, 1995). The PrimeQuest High Performance Program is comprised of two products that work in synergy Prime 1 and Prime Plus. Prime 1 is a liquid herbal food supplement that contains a number of adaptogenic ingredients Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus), Maral root (Rhaponticum carthamoides), Ural licorice root (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), Golden root (Rhodiola rosea), Chinese magnolia vine (Schizandra chinensis), Cinnamon rose (Rosa majalis), and Manchurian thorn tree (Aralia mandshurica). These adaptogens digest the body with elements necessary to protect, balance and normalize its systems. Prime Plus is a food supplement in capsule form that contains Maral root (Rhaponticum car thamoides), Tribulus terrestis, and adaptogenic well-fixed molasses. It is designed to aid the body in developing strength and tone through the enhancement of exercise. It stimulates the biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids and enhances metabolism. It helps to protect the body against muscle breakdown, promoting faster recovery (http//www.best.com/-mcintyre/primequest/pqform.shtml). These compounds, working together, are touted by Dr. Brekhman for accomplishing a number of physiological changes in humans and animals increase protein biosynthesis, raise antibody titre at immunization, elevate the bodys enzyme synthesis by means of endocrine stimulation, enhance mental work capacity, uplift physical work capacity along with endurance and performance, alleviate free radicals to prevent oxidizing pathology, improve eyesight, color perception, hearing, and vestibular functions, benefit cardiovascular and respiratory functions, promote longevity, and increase the bodys nonspecific resistance to various stressors (http//www.

Neuron Conduction :: physics science

IntroductionDuring a thunderstorm in 1786, Luigi Galvani touched a frogs leg with a metal peter and noticed the muscles twitching. He concluded that the storm had generated electricity, which conducted through the frogs nerves and caused the muscles to contract. Nerves do transmit impulses from one part of the body to another, exactly in a different way than in an ordinary conductor. The electrical properties are different in neural conduction because it is slower and does not really in strength (it is a all-or-nothing conduction). A nerve kiosk (neuron) is the basic building block of the nervous system and is specialized to transmit information. It consists of a carrel body and two types of branchlike fibers, dendrites and axons (top of Figure 1). Dendrites, along the jail cell body, receive information in the form of stimuli from sensory receptors or from other nerve cells. The axon is a long, thin cellular extension responsible for transmitting information to other nerve cel ls, and is filled with a viscous intracellular fluid called the axoplasm. If stimuli received by the dendrites or the cell body is above the cells intensity threshold, a nerve impulse is initiated which propagates along the axon. It flows along the axon away from the cell body toward the terminal branches. Once a nerve impulse reaches the terminal branches, neurotransmitter substances release, conveying the impulse to receptors on the next cell.The Resting Potential of the Nerve Cell faultfinding to the function of the nerve cell, the cell membrane maintains intracellular conditions that differ from those of the extracellular environment. There is an excess of negative ions intimate the cell membrane and an excess of appointed ions outside (middle of Figure 1). The electrochemical gradient across the membrane is the means of nerve impulse transmission. The concentration of potassium (K+) is 30 times greater in the fluid inside the cell than outside and the concentration of sodium ions (Na+) is nearly 10 times greater in the fluid outside the cell than inside (See Table 1). Anions, particularly chloride (Cl--), are also unevenly distributed. Nerve cells use both passive diffusion and active transport to maintain these differentials across their cell membranes. The unequal distribution of Na+ and K+ is established by an energy-dependant Na+-K+ pump, moving Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell. Specialized proteins insert in the nerve cell membrane function as voltage-dependant channels, passing through Na+ and K+ during nerve impulse transmission.

Neuron Conduction :: physics science

IntroductionDuring a thunderstorm in 1786, Luigi Galvani touched a frogs leg with a metal instrument and noticed the muscles twitching. He concluded that the storm had generated electricity, which conducted through the frogs tickers and caused the muscles to contract. Nerves do fetch impulses from one part of the body to another, but in a different way than in an ordinary conductor. The electrical properties are different in neuronal conduction because it is slower and does not very in strength (it is a all-or-nothing conduction). A nerve cell (neuron) is the basic building block of the nervous schema and is specialized to transmit information. It consists of a cell body and two types of branchlike fibers, dendrites and axons (top of Figure 1). Dendrites, on the cell body, receive information in the form of stimuli from sensory receptors or from other nerve cells. The axon is a long, thin cellular extension responsible for transmitting information to other nerve cells, and is fi lled with a saccharine intracellular fluid called the axoplasm. If stimuli received by the dendrites or the cell body is above the cells intensity threshold, a nerve impulse is initiated which propagates along the axon. It flows along the axon away from the cell body toward the terminal branches. Once a nerve impulse reaches the terminal branches, neurotransmitter substances release, conveying the impulse to receptors on the undermentioned cell.The Resting Potential of the Nerve CellCritical to the function of the nerve cell, the cell membrane maintains intracellular conditions that differ from those of the extracellular environment. There is an excess of negative ions inside the cell membrane and an excess of positive ions step to the foreside (middle of Figure 1). The electrochemical gradient across the membrane is the means of nerve impulse transmission. The concentration of yard (K+) is 30 times greater in the fluid inside the cell than outside and the concentration of sodium ions (Na+) is nearly 10 times greater in the fluid outside the cell than inside (See Table 1). Anions, particularly chloride (Cl--), are also unevenly distributed. Nerve cells use both passive diffusion and officious transport to maintain these differentials across their cell membranes. The unequal distribution of Na+ and K+ is established by an energy-dependant Na+-K+ pump, moving Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell. Specialized proteins embedded in the nerve cell membrane function as voltage-dependant channels, passing through Na+ and K+ during nerve impulse transmission.

Bimala’s Journey from Confinement to Independence Essay

The Home and the world is a book that discusses issues such as the Bengal partition movement, the issue of nationalism and ideas about what a country is etc. A major theme is this book is the relationship of the home and the world which is outside. All three characters play a major role in influencing this theme in different ways. Nikhil enjoys the modern way of living while Bimala is quite the opposite, following the true Hindu tradition, neer goes out of the house.Once I had asked Bimala to come out into the world. Bimala was in my home, she was a mere doll, hold to a small space, caught up in the trivial duties. These lines taken from the beginning of the book shows what kind of a person Bimala was and how Nikhil saw the person he was married to. Bimala is a proper house wife where she seems to be confined to the traditional female role, and has no thoughts of entering the real world, even with persuasion from her husband. Can there be any real happiness for a charr in merely feeling that she has power over a man? To surrender ones pride in devotion is womans only salvation These lines show us how she willingly devotes herself-importance to her husband and believing that no job is more wonderful in the world. Although she may be dexterous doing it, she is in face very weak and powerless where she believes that serving her home is her only job .However with the introduction of Sandip, who is a supposed politician, comes into her life as Nikhils friend speaks of nationalism with such fire, she begins to see things as a nemesis to her way of life. Now, Bimala quickly embraces the idea of making a difference and makes a transition from the home into the world, as suggested by the novels title and starts taking an active part in the independence movement as Sandips partner or ally. By doing this, she seemingly gains a lot of power and, in the process, gets attracted to Sandip. Although it seems as though Sandip worships her and claims that she is the queen bee of free India, in reality, his affection towards her is not sincere as he tricks her into stealing money from her husband for the cause of swadeshiBimala has no patience with patience. She loves to find in men the turbulent, the angry, and the unjust. Her respect must have its element offear. This description of Bimala shows us why she was attracted to Sandip and ultimately the swadeshi movement where she took an active part. This quality was the reason she makes this transition from the home to the world because she meets Sandip who shows her the outside world from his eyes which may not be the world Nikhil was trying to get Bimala into.There are 3 distinct phases in Bimala character arc the first being her traditional vernal self where she is incapable of deciding who she actually is. The second being her active involvement in the swadeshi movement which got her more involved in the world, although still being im spring up and acting differently towards every character in the novel, she was not a single person but a person with many different identities. The ternary and final phase is where she realizes what she has done for Sandip upon reflection and is now aware of all the dirty work he made her to do and Is now a changed and mature person who is the same with everybody.Bimalas struggle is with her identity. She realizes that she is part of the world but only knows that her home is a mix of cultures. She is confused between supporting the nonpareil of a country or working towards ensuring that her home is free from strife and supporting her husband like a true traditional Indian woman. She is strained to try and understand how her traditional life can mix with a modern world and at the same time, not be undermined.

Construction contract Essay

An excellent submission,Welcome to this subject, a good start to this subject with this first assignment. My name is Cliff McSorley I will be stain your assignments for this subject.Part 1Good analysis and detailed response to both parts of this question. This is quite a problematic question, it would be something you would most likely do with the assistance of a solicitor, however you do need to be aw be that changes to a contract is a difficult task and in my opinion constantly stick with the tried and tested standard contacts. Contracts provided by industry association have been tried and tested in the courts over m each(prenominal) years and and then should provide adequate protection for you the avower. Part 2 Home Warranty InsuranceBelow is clause 39.2 from AS 4000 Provide a written write up identifying how you as the contractor can ensure that they do not default on the contract addressing each point from A to E. Provide no more than than half a summon on each point.3 9.2Contractors defaultIf the Contractor commits a substantial breach of the Contract, the Principal may, by hand or by certified post, give the Contractor a written notice to show cause. Substantial breaches include, but are not limited toa)failing toi)provide security tenuous responseThe contractor may be required to obtain a guarantee of the companys liquidity to complete the project this is done by providing security to theprincipal Security could be in the form ofa) cashb) retention moniesc) bonds or inscribed stock or their equivalent issued by a national, state or territory government d) interest bearing deposit in a banke) an okay unconditional undertaking or an approved performance undertaking given by an approved financial institution or insurance company or f) other form approved by the party having the benefit of securityThe most common form of security would be through a bank guarantee failing to do this would be a breach of contract.ii)provide evidence of insuranceAgai n well answeredA contractor must effect and maintain insurances as stipulated in the contract and leave copies of these to the client on commencement of the survive and provide the customer a copy of the policy and a certificate of currency at any meter requested by the client.iii)comply with a direction of the Superintendent pursuant to subclause 29.3 Subclause 29.3 addresses any defective workmanship and materials provided by the subcontractor under this clause if the superintendent becomes aware of any defective workmanship the superintendent shall as soon as practicable give the contractor written details thereof. If the defective workmanship or materials are not rectified the superintendent may direct the contractor to either a) remove the material from the siteb) demolish the workc) reconstruct, replace or clear the work andd) not deliver it to siteIfa) the contractor fails to comply with such a direction and b) that failure has not been made good within 8 days after the c ontractor receives written notice from the superintendent that the principal intends to have thesubject work rectified by others at the cost of the contractor The superintendent may also direct the contractor that the principal is willing to accept the subject work, whereupon there shall be a deemed variation.iv) use the materials or standards of work required by the Contract Again well answered.b) wrongful suspension of workAgain well answered.c) substantial departure from a locution schedule without reasonable cause or the Superintendents approvalAgain well answered.d) where there is no construction program, failing to proceed with due communique and without delay andWell answered, the contract would have a date for practical completion, therefore this is a timeframe that the has to meet, so even if there is an absence of a construction program the contractor still needs to progress the job in a reasonable time line. This time line would judge as what a reasonable time frame fo r carrying out a job would be. This would be judged on a job by job basis and things like the detail, materials, simmpleness of access and size of the work would all need to be taken into account. The contractor was seen to be progressing the job at a reasonable rate in wonder to his resources (eg. size of the company) throughout the construction process, failure to do so would be consider to be a substantial breach of contract.e) in respect of clause **, knowingly providing documentary evidence containing an untrue statement.Well answered.Part 31) Recommend two (2) different types of contracts for the following types of projects 2) Two well selected contracts, for each project.3) Using your recommendations above propose what contract would you use and give reasons why for the following projects also identify statutory and legislative requirements of using these contracts. Excellent extract and discussion again with very good explanations on why you have chosen each contract and details of statutory and legislative requirements included to and justify your decisions 4) Describe the process of creating a contractual situation from the point of submitting a Tender to signing a contract and identify each flavour using construction terminology. For each step also identify using the legal terminology. Well stepped through with good details on legal terminology.An replace description of the tender process-Broadly the Tender process after submission of the tender by the contractor, involves the following Meeting with the principal to clarify aspects of a tender.The Tenderer making a presentation to help promote a tender. Note that the submission of the tender can be construed as a contractual whirl which is capable of acceptance by the principal as part of creating binding legal relations. Sometimes the Principal will provide a garner of conception to a tenderer telling the tenderer that they are the preferred tenderer and that a contract will be awarded. Wh ether this Letter of Intent is legally binding depends on the wording of the Letter in some instances it could be construed as an early works contract. Generally where a Tender process is involved, there is no negotiation with respect to the scathe of the proposed contract. Once a tender is accepted by the Principal, a Letter of Acceptance is sent to the tenderer or a written contract is signed by the Principal and tenderer (Contractor) which forms the basis of the legal relationship between the principal and the tenderer. The contract generally incorporates plans and specifications. An offer and acceptable of the offer are necessary ingredients in creating a legally binding contract. There must also be consideration, which is generally the tender price, and an intention to create legal relations. Generally the latter can be inferred from the tender process.The above feedback is not provided to contradict your interpretations but to provide response based on my understanding of c ontracts relating to thisassignment. I hope the comments are useful.I constitute that you have well analysed the question throughout this assignment and provide well constructed responses to the questions.Please note-With future assignments you could include a cover page, a circumscribe page and number pages. I also think that it is a good idea to include a footer on each page which includes your name, page number and the date etc.as appropriate (please refer to the link on the OLS under Course Information Overview Assessment Presentation Guidelines).

“The Metamorphosis” Expressionism

Expressionism An expressionist piece of literature portrays a vision of the real world through the authors point of view. The metamorphosis is an excellent example of expressionism. It shows Franz Kafkas honest interpretation of the world. His endless fears from his carriage can be seen in The Metamorphosis. Two fears of Frank Kafkas that musical accompaniment re-appearing in The Metamorphosis are displacement in society and strained human relationships with society. After Gregors metamorphosis he also is no longer a part of his human society and can no longer preserve his relationships with his family.Gregors metamorphosis symbolizes Frank Kafkas every nightmare and hardship in life. Franz Kafka was born in a Jewish family in Prague in 1833. He wasnt a part of the Jewish community whole heartedly nor was he a part of the German community wholeheartedly. He was out of place in society much like the main character, Gregor in The Metamorphosis. Gregor was an insect in a human world . Everything about him differed from a humans. He went from a young and capable man one night to an old dung m each(prenominal)et (42). he next morning. A man can never be part of society if he doesnt know how to fit in. How was Gregor to fit in as an insect? Its impossible. Some might argue looks arent everything one can be an important figure in society and grow an impact just through the power of speech. But Gregor couldnt even do that. To everything that Gregor wished to say the response he received in return was Did you find out even a single word? (18). Neither Franz Kafka or Gregor were able to truly fit in their society.Another key component in Franz Kafkas life was his strained relationship with his father. This is evident in Gregors life as well. The novelette does not tell the reader information on Gregors relationship with his father before the metamorphosis. But from the astonishment of Gregor in response to his fathers actions and words the reader can conclude that his behavior towards Gregor was not ceaselessly like this. No matter what Gregor did his father was in no mood for such niceties (37). This portrays Franz Kafkas failure in ever making his father noble of him.Franz Kafka was the eldest yet he could not carry the pride of the family. Gregor has carried his familys burden for a long time. In fact he was hot all over with shame and sorrow (30) when he thought of his family having to make a living for themselves. He had always been the provider. However he was never appreciated, yet other message of Franz Kafka. No one appreciated him in his lifetime. Therefore his character was never appreciated. They were both stepped on as if they were no more significant than an insect.

Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone Essay

The Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone (RUF/SL) invaded Sierra Leone from Liberia in March 1991. Initially they claimed to be a governmental movement supporting liberation and democracy. Instead the RUF, in reality, was an insecurely combined organization of mainly rebellious three-year-old people that inflicted mortal disaster passim the country of Sierra Leone. The political revolution mess mount up failed to attract popular support, the RUF board on a barbarian ten-year civil war that had devastating consequences for civilians, in particular kidskinren.General Information about Child SoldiersThe make outs of child soldiers ar continually variable given the growth of diverse armed conflicts. The number of children under the age of 18 who have been forced or induced to take up arms as child soldiers is commonly thought to be around of 300,000. Non-governmental military organizations tend to recruit soldiers under the age of 15.Governmental armed forces, on the some different hand, are more likely to recruit soldiers under the age of 18. From what is k straightawayn the age of 7 is the youngest a child soldier can be. Over 50 countries currently take on children under the age of 18 into their militia.picFigure 1. The African situation since Africa has without any doubt the largest number of child soldiers1What is a Child Soldier?UNICEF, The United Nations Children Fund, defines child soldiers as any childson or girlunder eighteen years of age, who is part of any kind of regular or irregular armed force or armed group in any capacity2.According to the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers Child soldiers perform a range of tasks including participation in combat, laying mines and explosives scouting, spying, acting as decoys, couriers or guards training, drill or other preparations logistics and support functions, portering, cooking and domestic labour and inner slavery or other enlisting for sexual purposes.3Girls are also called child s oldiers and this is the case for umteen reasons. Girls usually fulfil numerous roles. While they are commonly recruited and practised for sexual purposes, they are almost always also caught up in other military responsibilities. These include fighting, laying explosives, portering, and performing domestic tasks.How many child soldiers are on that point?It is difficult to give a worldwide number of child soldiers at any one time. There are various reasons as to why exact figures can non be calculated. An example is that military commanders frequently mask children or do not allow access to observers. Armed groups regularly operate in dangerous, unapproachable zones to which observers do not have access and many children carry out support roles and are therefore not visible in military operations.How do children become soldiers?A special report on the impact of armed conflict on children which was created in 1996 explained how children become soldiers. In the report it is utter Hu nger and poverty may drive parents to offer children for service or attract children to volunteer as a way to guarantee regular meals, habiliment or medical attention. Some children become soldiers to protect themselves or their families in the face of violence and chaos around them, while others, particularly adolescents, are lured by ideology. Children also identify with social causes, religious expression, self-determination, national liberation or the pursuit of political freedom, as in South Africa or the occupied territories.4 other reason emphasizes the efficient value of children, especially for tedious tasks. An important explanation to keep in mind could be that child soldiers may be invaluable for signalling purposes. A rebel bakshiser may hope to show significance, commitment or terror through abduction of a child5. Finally, some people insist that young children are more malleable, adaptable, and obedient, as well as more easily persuaded and deceived. Therefore the y are said to be easier to manage and retain6. If children are as oil-bearing as adults, we should find a disproportionate number in armed groups.The following two case studies give examples of what a girl and a son have gone through during Sierra Leones devastating civil war. By describing their tasks, the reasons as to why these violate homo Rights can be clear seen.Case Study FatmataFatmata was one of only two survivors from her village in Sierra Leone. She was barely six years old when she was captured by the cruel rebel groups. She was taken to a rebel stronghold and forced to spirt under harsh conditions as a servant. In Fatmatas own words We had to work all day while they would curse my mother and abuse me. When she got older, Fatmata was forced to become the second wife of one of her rebel captors, therefore meaning she was ravaged and gave birth to the child of a rebel.7Case Study Ishmael BeahIn A Long Way Gone Memoirs of a Boy Soldier, Ishmael Beah, now twenty-six yea rs old, tells a successfully enthralling story of his life as a child soldier. At the age of twelve, he fled from rebel attacks and wandered a land caused to be unrecognizable by brutality. By thirteen, he had been captured by the government army, and Beah, even though he was a gentle young boy at heart, found that he was capable of truly terrible acts. At sixteen, he was taken away from fighting by UNICEF. Beah, like many other child soldiers, had gone through devastating psychological traumas and through the help of the staff at his rehabilitation centre, he involveed how to forgive himself, to regain his reality and was finally able to heal.8Human RightsAccording to the Truth and Reconciliations commissions report the use of local anaesthetic as well as international human rights mechanisms in responding to the surprise criminal acts that took place in Sierra Leone during the previous decade is important to the development of international human rights law9. Sierra Leone beca me a penis of the United Nations in 1961 and is a signatory to most of the important human rights committees including the Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. The Government of Sierra Leone has also sign the optional protocol. Children Rights Act has been enacted in Sierra Leone quite recently in 2007. The Government of Sierra Leone signed and ratified the protocol on 8 phratry 2000 and 15 May 2002.Convention to the Rights of a ChildThe Convention to the Rights of a Child (CRC) is built on diverse legal systems as well as cultural traditions. The Convention is a universally agreed set of fixed standards and obligations. These human rights set the least amount of pre-emptive declaration and freedoms that should be valued by governments. In Article 38, the Convention on the Rights of the Child insist that governments to take all possible measures to guarantee that children under 15 have no institutionalise in volvement in warfare. The Convention also sets 15 years as the minimum age at which a person can be volitionally recruited into or willingly signs up in the armed forces.10 facultative ProtocolThe Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the contribution of children in armed conflict symbolizes a progressive leap in the international law in straddle to defend children from the damaging effects of recruitment and use in warfare. The Protocol requires States who authorize it to obtain all practicable measures to make sure those members who are part of their armed forces and are under the age of 18 do not have a direct involvement in the fightings. States must also raise the minimum age for voluntary recruitment into the armed forces from 15 years but does not require a minimum age of 18.The Protocol reminds States that children under 18 years are entitle to distinctive protection and so any voluntary recruitment under the age of 18 must include adequate prot ection. Compulsory recruitment to a lower place the age of 18 is fully banned and States parties must also take legal measures to forbid self-governing armed groups from recruiting and using children under the age of 18 in conflicts.11 ARTICLE 1 of the Optional Protocol States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that members of their armed forces who have not attained the age of 18 years do not take a direct part in hostilities. This shows that the Protocol raised the age that children are allowed to be a member of an illegal or legal armed force from 15 years to 18 years.UNICEF and The International birth Committee and how they have helpedIn Sierra Leone, UNICEF was the lead agency for child protection, which worked with its colleagues to reduce arms, and to release and reconnect process for child soldiers from 1998 to 2002.They construct protective and healthy educational environments where former child soldiers obtain the opportunity to learn how to live without weapons, gain new skills which enables them to be prepared for their future and to learn how to become prolific citizens in their society.Most importantly they are given a second chance to learn how to be children again. Demobilized children were moved to temporary care centres supported by UNICEF where they were given health care and also psychosocial counselling. They also participated in educational and recreational activities while family tracing reunification was going on. A vast majority of former child soldiers have been reunited with their families. Access to education and family and lodge support programmes have been the key to their success to help the former child soldiers12.With headquarters in Freetown and three field offices in Kono, Kenema and Kailhaun districts, the International Rescue Committee provides programs that focus on child protection, education, and health, specifically for former child soldiers after the civil war ended in 2000. The IRC works to increase local participation in project activities, build local capacity, promote and protect human rights, partner with local communities and organizations, and address relief and development needs in a holistic fashion. The Revolutionary United Front rebels released 600 child soldiers. The International Rescue Committee provided education, skills training, and psychosocial care to 100 of them13.ConclusionTo conclude, there have been many programmes that have been created to reduce and assist former child soldiers. Off course it is not possible to help every single child soldier and there are many reasons for this. Some of the reasons are that there are still a number of these soldiers that may still be involved and their whereabouts are not known. During the civil war, many of the parents of these children were killed, so it is difficult to reunite them with their families, and if they are lucky another family member may still be alive in order to look after them. Organisations, like UNIC EF, provide homes for former child soldiers who are unlucky to not have anybody. By education and counselling, children learn to forgive themselves for ruffianly crimes they were forced to commit and help themselves to progress in the future.REFERENCES Beah, I (2007). A Long Way Gone Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. New York Harper Perennial. p5-218. Beber, B and Blattman, C. (2010). The Industrial Organization of Rebellion The Logic of Forced Labor and Child Soldiering*. operable http//chrisblattman.com/documents/ query/2010.IOofRebellion.pdf. Last accessed 6th December 2010. Coalition to preventive the use of Child Soldiers. (2007). Questions and Answers. operable http//www.child-soldiers.org/childsoldiers/questions-and-answers. Last accessed 1st December 2010. Michael Odeh and Colin Sullivan. Children in Armed Conflict. Available http//www.yapi.org/rpchildsoldierrehab.pdf. Last accessed 8th December 2010. Office of the United Nations steep Commissioner for Human Rights. (1990). Con vention on the Rights of the Child . Available http//www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm. Last accessed 8th December 2010. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2000). Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. Available http//www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc-conflict.htm. Last accessed 8th December 2010. explanation of the Sierra Leone Truth & Reconciliation Commission. (2004). Children and the Armed Conflict in Sierra Leone. Vol. 3B, p231-340. Spagnoli, F. (2008). Human Rights Quote (49) Child Soldiers. Available http//filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/stats-on-human-rights/statistics-on-war-conflict/statistics-on-child-soldiers/. Last accessed 8th December 2010. UNICEF. peasant SOLDIERS. Available http//www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/briefing/soldiers/soldiers.pdf. Last accessed 1st December 2010. UNICEF. FACTSHEET tiddler SOLDIERS. Available http//www.unicef.org/emerg/files/childsoldiers.pdf. Last accessed 8th UNICEF. (29 April 2008). What is a child soldier?. Available http//www.unicef.org/emerg/index_childsoldiers.html. Last accessed fourth December 2010. UN Works. Fatmatas Story. Available http//www.un.org/works/goingon/soldiers/fatmata_story.html. Last accessed 8th December 2010.1 Spagnoli, F. (2008). Human Rights Quote (49) Child Soldiers. Available http//filipspagnoli.wordpress.com/stats-on-human-rights/statistics-on-war-conflict/statistics-on-child-soldiers/. Last accessed 8th December 2010.2 UNICEF. (29 April 2008). What is a child soldier?. Available . http//www.unicef.org/emerg/index_childsoldiers.html. Last accessed 4th December 2010. 3 Coalition to stop the use of Child Soldiers. (2007). Questions and Answers. Available http//www.child-soldiers.org/childsoldiers/questions-and-answers. Last accessed 1st December 2010. 4 UNICEF. CHILD SOLDIERS. Available http//www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/briefing/soldiers/soldiers.pdf. Last accessed 1st December 2010. 5 Beber, B and Blattman, C. (2010). The Industrial Organization of Rebellion The Logic of Forced Labor and Child Soldiering*. Available http//chrisblattman.com/documents/research/2010.IOofRebellion.pdf. Last accessed 6th December 2010. 6 Beber, B and Blattman, C. (2010). The Industrial Organization of Rebellion The Logic of Forced Labor and Child Soldiering*. Available http//chrisblattman.com/documents/research/2010.IOofRebellion.pdf. Last accessed 6th December 2010. 7 UN Works. Fatmatas Story. Available http//www.un.org/works/goingon/soldiers/fatmata_story.html. Last accessed 8th December 2010. 8 Beah, I (2007). A Long Way Gone Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. New York Harper Perennial. p5-218. 9 Report of the Sierra Leone Truth & Reconciliation Commission. (2004). Children and the Armed Conflict in Sierra Leone. Vol. 3B, p231-340.10 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (1990). Convention on the Rights of the Child . Available http//www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm. La st accessed 8th December 2010. 11 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2000). Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. Available http//www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc-conflict.htm. Last accessed 8thDecember 2010. 12 UNICEF. FACTSHEET CHILD SOLDIERS. Available http//www.unicef.org/emerg/files/childsoldiers.pdf. Last accessed 8th13 Michael Odeh and Colin Sullivan. Children in Armed Conflict. Available http//www.yapi.org/rpchildsoldierrehab.pdf. Last accessed 8th December 2010.

Getting Emotional Essay Essay

There was a time that I had a conversation with a friend who is a foreigner and knew very little about the cultures in the United States. He was basically biased against the black race or the black races and spoke about them in a very discriminating manner. He believed that the black race in America is mostly composed of thugs and criminals who are plaguy and cigaretnot live the way most white Americans do. Although I didnt exactly argue with him, I still did to change his beliefs and perceptions on the black race and fortunately, I succeeded.I first started out by telling him the harsh realities that most of the people from this race used to face and are still facing right away such as discrimination at work, education, and employment among others. I withal pointed out that there are a lot of stories published in major(ip) newspapers that show that discrimination against people from other races and cultures are still present today. I shared with him stories of an outstanding st udent from a public high give instruction who was allegedly not given a scholarship simply because he is black.I also told him of certain cases wherein workers are not given the bonuses and benefits that are due(p) to them because they belong to the black race. In short, I first tried to make him sympathize with the plight of the black race and I believe I was prosperous in doing so. Moreover, I also told him that since he is an Asian, he too, can also be discriminated against. More importantly, I emphasized to him that these black people are also human beings just like everybody else and therefore, they should be treated the same way white Americans are treated.After our conversation, my friend agreed me with and told me that he would be conscientious with his perceptions about the black race from now on. Based on my persuasive methods, it can be deduced that the most effective way to convince people or audiences to change their stand or views on a certain issue is to tell them real life stories that they can relate with. These true to life stories can represent the essence of ones arguments and make ones claims more credible.

Introduction to Law

Wherever community have lived together, they have found it necessary to develop rules of conduct. They need rules for the gag rule of disputes. They also need rules for the organization of their disposals. Law is the set of rules that the government enforces through its police, its courts, and its other agencies. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee demonstrates the importance of fair play in our communities, especi all in ally reprehensible rectitude of nature. Law makes it achievable for men to live together peaceably in a community.If there were no law, every piece could do just as he pleased, with law, the people in a community know that the government will enforce rules that will make it possible for them to live together without conflict. The philosophy or science of law is called jurisprudence. There are two main kinds of laws. urbane or public law helps even out disputes between people or companies. Criminal law deals with crimes, or actions that cause serious harm to an individual or group.Public law is the body of rules in which the government is directly involved. Public law regulates the relationships between individuals and the government. One group of rules in public law defines and limits the powers of the government. The part of public law most well-known(prenominal) to many persons is criminal law, which is the body of rules that we are commanded to obey. The government may fine those who do not obey, send them to jail, or even execute them. A chip of smaller groups of rules also come under the general heading of public law.International law is concerned with agreements among nations, problems of boundaries, and other questions arising from the relationships of one country with another. Constitutional law deals with the problems that have arisen about various clauses in the United States Constitution. Problems in constitutional law include the organization of the government and the guarantees of our liberties. Administrative law is the body of rules do by administrative or executive agencies of government.The Interstate Commerce Commission, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the Federal Communications Commission are all examples of such an agency. Civil law includes the rules that regulate the relationships among people. Private law includes many smaller groups of rules. Some examples are the rules relating to contracts, personal injuries, and real estate. Most people think of only criminal law when they hear the word law. However, most lawyers and courts spend most of their time dealing with problems of private law.These private law problems includes taxation, business affairs, the transfer of property, and the collection of notes for people injured through the fault of others. Cases or proceedings in civil courts are often called lawsuits. Social conditions continually change, and so the law essential also change or become outdated. Every nation changes its laws in the manner that its political sys tem prescribes. In a dictatorship, only the top government leaders basin change the law. Democracies, however, have developed four main methods of changing the law.Democratic laws change by court decision, by legislation, by administrative action, and by the direct action of the people. Every independent country has its own legal system. The systems vary according to each countrys social traditions and form of government. However, most systems can be classed as either a case law system or a civil-law system. The United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and other English-speaking countries have a common-law system. Most other countries have a civil-law system. Many countries combine features of both systems.Law enforcement is one of the most important ways a government has of defend its citizens. It usually refers to the action of police and the courts in catching and punishing criminals. However, a broad use of the term also includes the administration of justice in all law cas es by the courts. Law enforcement is necessary to maintain order in a community, state, or country. Private citizens have more to do with law enforcement than exactly obeying the laws. They should report to the authorities whenever they see a law being broken.Every citizen has the right to arrest a person he sees committing a crime. In conclusion, law is one of the most basic social institutions and one of the most necessary. No society could exist if all people did just as they pleased, without regard for the rights of others, nor could a society exist if its members did not recognize that they also have certain obligations toward one another. The law thus establishes the rules that define a persons rights and obligations. The law also sets penalties for people who violate these rules and states how government shall enforce the rules and penalties.

Lieducation in preliterate societies Essay

Education, History of, theories, orders, and administration of schools and an other(a)(prenominal) agencies of information from ancient cadences to the present. Education highly-developed from the humane struggle for survival and enlightenment. It may be formal or informal. Informal breeding refers to the general cordial process by which human beings acquire the acquaintance and scientific disciplines needed to function in their culture. white-tie rearing refers to the process by which t from each unmatcheders instruct students in courses of rent within institutions.Before the invention of teaching and writing, great(p) deal lived in an environment in which they struggled to survive against born(p) forces, animals, and other humans. To survive, preliterate tidy sum developed skills that grew into ethnic and knowledgeal patterns. For a particular groups culture to continue into the future, raft had to transmit it, or pass it on, from adults to children. The earlie st educational processes involved sharing information about gathering food and providing aegis fashioning weapons and other tools eruditeness language and acquiring the values, behavior, and spectral rites or practices of a given culture.Through direct, informal education, parents, elders, and priests taught children the skills and roles they would need as adults. These lessons eventually organise the moral codes that governed behavior. Since they lived before the invention of writing, preliterate people used an oral tradition, or story telling, to pass on their culture and history from one genesis to the next. By using language, people learned to create and use symbols, words, or signs to ex implore their ideas. When these symbols grew into pictographs and letters, human beings created a written language and made the great cultural leap to literacy.IIIEDUCATION IN antediluvian AFRICA AND ASIA In ancient Egypt, which flourished from about 3000 BC to about 500 BC, priests in t emple schools taught not only religion only if also the principles of writing, the sciences, mathematics, and architecture. Similarly in India, priests conducted most of the formal education. Beginning in about 1200 BC Indian priests taught the principles of the Veda, the sacred texts of Hinduism, as well as science, grammar, and doctrine. Formal education in China dates to about 2000 BC, though it thrived particularly during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, from 770 to 256 BC (see China The Eastern Zhou).The curriculum stressed philosophy, poetry, and religion, in accede with the teachings of Confucius, Laozi (Lao-tzu), and other philosophers. IVEDUCATION IN ANCIENT GREECE Historians have looked to ancient Greece as one of the origins of Western formal education. The Iliad and the Odyssey, epic poems attributed to Homer and written sometime in the eighth century BC, created a cultural tradition that gave the Greeks a sense of group identity. In their dramatic account of Greek struggles, Homers epics served grand educational purposes.The legendary Greek warriors depicted in Homers work, such as Agamemnon, Odysseus, and Achilles, were heroes who served as models for the young Greeks. Ancient Greece was divided into small(a) and often competing city-states, or poleis, such as capital of Greece, Sparta, and Thebes. Athens accentuate a humane and democratic ships company and education, but only about one-third of the people in Athens were free citizens. Slaves and residents from other countries or city-states made up the rest of the population. Only the sons of free citizens attended school.The Athenians believed a free man should have a encompassing education in order to perform his civil duties and for his give personal development. The education of women depended upon the customs of the particular Greek city-state. In Athens, where women had no legal or economic rights, most women did not attend school. round girls, however, were educated at home by tutors. S laves and other noncitizens had either no formal education or very little. Sparta, the chief political enemy of Athens, was a dictatorship that used education for military rearing and drill.In contrast to Athens, Spartan girls received much schooling but it was almost exclusively athletic training to prepare them to be healthy mothers of future Spartan soldiers. In the 400s BC, the Sophists, a group of fickle teachers, began to teach in Athens. The Sophists claimed that they could teach any subject or skill to anyone who wished to learn it. They specialized in teaching grammar, logic, and rhetoric, subjects that eventually formed the core of the panoptic arts.The Sophists were to a greater extent inte be in preparing their students to argue persuasively and winarguments than in teaching principles of truth and morality. Unlike the Sophists, the Greek philosopher Socrates sought to discover and teach comprehensive principles of truth, beauty, and goodness.Socrates, who died in 3 99 BC, claimed that true knowledge existed within everyone and needed to be brought to consciousness. His educational method, called the Socratic method, consisted of asking probing questions that forced his students to think deeply about the essence of life, truth, and justice. In 387 BC Plato, who had studied downstairs Socrates, established a school in Athens called the Academy.Plato believed in an unchanging world of perfect ideas or universal concepts. He asserted that since true knowledge is the same in every place at every time, education, like truth, should be unchanging. Plato described his educational model in the Re public, one of the most notable whole caboodle of Western philosophy. Platos Republic describes a model society, or republic, ruled by highly goodly philosopher-kings. Warriors crystalize up the republics second class of people. The lowest class, the workers, bear food and the other products for all the people of the republic.In Platos sublime educatio nal system, each class would receive a different kind of instruction to prepare for their various roles in society. In 335 BC Platos student, Aristotle, founded his own school in Athens called the Lyceum. Believing that human beings are essentially rational, Aristotle thought people could discover natural laws that governed the universe and then follow these laws in their lives. He also concluded that educated people who used reason to make decisions would lead a life of moderation in which they avoided dangerous extremes.In the 4th century BC Greek orator Isocrates developed a method of education knowing to prepare students to be competent orators who could serve as government officials. Isocratess students studied rhetoric, politics, ethics, and history.They examined model orations and practiced public speaking. Isocratess methods of education directly influenced such roman print educational theorists as Cicero and Quintilian. VEDUCATION IN ANCIENT ROME While the Greeks were dev eloping their civilization in the areas surrounding the eastern Mediterranean Sea, the Romans were gaining control of the Italian peninsula and areas of the western Mediterranean.The Greeks education focused on the study of philosophy. The Romans, on the other hand, were preoccupied with war, conquest, politics, and civil administration. As in Greece, only a minority of Romans attended school. Schooling was for those who had the money to pay tuition and the time to attend classes. While girls from wealthy families occasionally learned to read and write at home, boys attended a simple school, called aludus. In secondary schools boys studied Latin and Greek grammar taught by Greek slaves, called pedagogues.After ancient and secondary school, wealthy young men often attended schools of rhetoric or oratory that active them to be leaders in government and administration. Cicero, a 1st century BC Roman senator, combined Greek and Roman ideas on how to educate orators in his book De Ora tore. Like Isocrates, Cicero believed orators should be educated in liberal arts subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, logic, mathematics, and astronomy. He also asserted that they should study ethics, military science, natural science, geography, history, and law.Quintilian, an influential Roman pedagogue who lived in the 1st century AD, wrote that education should be based on the stages of individual development from childishness to adulthood. Quintilian devised specific lessons for each stage. He also advised teachers to make their lessons suited to the students readiness and ability to learn smart material. He urged teachers to motivate students by making learning interesting and attractive. VIANCIENT JEWISH EDUCATION Education among the Jewish people also had a profound influence on Western learning.The ancient Jews had great respect for the printed word and believed that God revealed truth to them in the Bible. Most information on ancient Jewish goals and methods of education comes from the Bible and the Talmud, a book of ghostly and civil law. Jewish religious leaders, known as rabbis, advised parents to teach their children religious beliefs, law, ethical practices, and transactional skills. Both boys and girls were introduced to religion by studying the Torah, the most sacred document of Judaism. Rabbis taught in schools within synagogues, places of worship and religious study.VIIMEDIEVAL EDUCATIONDuring the Middle Ages, or the medieval period, which lasted roughly from the 5th to the 15th century, Western society and education were heavily shaped by Christianity, particularly the Roman Catholic Church. The Church operated parish, chapel, and monastery schools at the elementary level. Schools in monasteries and cathedrals offered secondary education. Much of the teaching in these schools was directed at learning Latin, the old Roman language used by the church in its ceremonies and teachings. The church provided some limited opportunities for the ed ucation of women in religious communities or convents.Convents had libraries and schools to help prepare nuns to follow the religious rules of their communities. Merchant and craft guilds also maintained some schools that provided basic education and training in specific crafts. Knights received training in military tactics and the code of chivalry. As in the Greek and Roman eras, only a minority of people went to school during the medieval period. Schools were attended primarily by persons planning to enter religious life such as priests, monks, or nuns. The vast majority of people were serfs who served as agricultural workers on the estates of feudal lords.The serfs, who did not attend school, were generally illiterate (see Serfdom). In the 10th and early eleventh centuries, Arabic learning had a pronounced influence on Western education. From contact with Arab scholars in North Africa and Spain, Western educators learned new ways of thinking about mathematics, natural science, me dicine, and philosophy. The Arabic number system was specially important, and became the foundation of Western arithmetic. Arab scholars also preserved and translated into Arabic the works of such influential Greek scholars as Aristotle, Euclid, Galen, and Ptolemy.Because many of these works had disappeared from Europe by the Middle Ages, they might have been lost forever if Arab scholars such as Avicenna and Averroes had not preserved them. In the 11th century medieval scholars developed Scholasticism, a philosophical and educational movement that used both human reason and revelations from the Bible. Upon encountering the works of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers from Arab scholars, the Scholastics move to reconcile Christian theology with Greek philosophy.Scholasticism reached its high point in the Summa Theologiae of Saint Thomas Aquinas, a 13th century Dominican theologiser who taught at the University of Paris. Aquinas reconciled the authority of religious faith, repre sented by the Scriptures, with Greek reason, represented by Aristotle. Aquinas described the teachers vocation as one that combines faith, love, and learning. The work of Aquinas and other Scholastics took place in the medieval institutions of higher education, the universities.The famous European universities of Paris, Salerno, Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge, and Padua grew out of the Scholastics-led intellectual revival of the twelfth and 13th centuries. The name university comes from the Latin word universitas, or associations, in reference to the associations that students and teachers organized to discuss academic issues. Medieval universities offered degrees in the liberal arts and in professional studies such as theology, law, and medicine. VIIIEDUCATION DURING THE RENAISSANCE The Renaissance, or rebirth of learning, began in Europe in the 14th century and reached its height in the 15th century.Scholars became much interested in the humanist featuresthat is, the secular or world ly rather than the religious aspectsof the Greek and Latin classics. Humanist educators found their models of literary style in the classics. The Renaissance was a particularly powerful force in Italy, most notably in art, literature, and architecture. In literature, the works of such Italian writers as Dante Aleghieri, Petrarch, and Giovanni Boccaccio became specially important. Humanist educators designed teaching methods to prepare well-rounded, liberally educated persons.Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus was particularly influential. Erasmus believed that sympathiseing and conversing about the meaning of literature was more important than memorizing it, as had been required at many of the medieval religious schools. He advised teachers to study such fields as archaeology, astronomy, mythology, history, and Scripture. The invention of the printing press in the mid-15th century made books more widely uncommitted and increased literacy rates (see Printing). But school attending did not increase greatly during the Renaissance. chief(a) schools educated middle-class children while lower-class children received little, if any, formal schooling. Children of the nobility and upper classes attended humanist secondary schools. Educational opportunities for women improved slightly during the Renaissance, especially for the upper classes. Some girls from wealthy families attended schools of the royal court or received private lessons at home. The curriculum studied by young women was take over based on the belief that only certain subjects, such as art, music, needlework, dancing, and poetry, were suited for females.For working-class girls, especially rural peasants, education was still limited to training in household duties such as cooking and sewing. IXEDUCATION DURING THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION The religious Reformation of the 16th century marked a decline in the authority of the Catholic Church and contributed to the emergence of the middle classes in Europe . Protestant religious reformists, such as John Calvin, Martin Luther, and Huldreich Zwingli, rejected the authority of the Catholic pope and created reformed Christian, or Protestant, churches.In their ardent determination to instruct followers to read the Bible in their native language, reformers extended literacy to the masses. They established vernacular primary schools that offered a basic curriculum of reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion for children in their own language. Vernacular schools in England, for example, used English to teach their pupils. As they argued with each other and with the Roman Catholics on religious matters, Protestant educators wrote catechismsprimary books that summarized their religious doctrinein a question and answer format.While the vernacular schools educated both boys and girls at the primary level, upper-class boys attended preparatory and secondary schools that continued to emphasize Latin and Greek. The gymnasium in Germany, the Lati n grammar school in England, and the lycee in France were preparatory schools that taught young men the classical languages of Latin and Greek required to enter universities. Martin Luther believed the state, family, and school, along with the church, were leaders of the Reformation. Since the family shaped childrens character, Luther encouraged parents to teach their children reading and religion.Each family should pray together, read the Bible, study the catechism, and practice a useful trade. Luther believed that government should assist schools in educating literate, productive, and religious citizens. One of Luthers colleagues, German religious reformer Melanchthon, wrote the school code for the German region of Wurttemberg, which became a model for other regions of Germany and influenced education throughout Europe. According to this code, the government was responsible for supervising schools and licensing teachers.The Protestant reformers retained the dual-class school syste m that had developed in the Renaissance. Vernacular schools provided primary instruction for the lower classes, and the various classical humanist and Latin grammar schools fain upper-class males for higher education. XEDUCATIONAL THEORY IN THE 17TH CENTURY Educators of the 17th century developed new ways of thinking about education. Czech education reformer Jan Komensky, known as Comenius, was particularly influential. A bishop of the Moravian Church, Comenius escaped religious persecution by taking refuge in Poland, Hungary, Sweden, and The Netherlands.He created a new educational philosophy called Pansophism, or universal knowledge, designed to bring about worldwide understanding and peace. Comenius advised teachers to use childrens senses rather than memorization in instruction. To make learning interesting for children, he wrote The Gate of Tongues Unlocked (1631), a book for teaching Latin in the students own language. He also wrote Orbis Sensualium Pictus (1658 The apparent World in Pictures, 1659) consisting of illustrations that labeled objects in both their Latin and vernacular names. It was one of the first illustrated books written especially for children.The work of English philosopher John Locke influenced education in Britain and North America. Locke examined how people acquire ideas in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690). He asserted that at birth the human mind is a blank slate, or tabula rasa, and empty of ideas. We acquire knowledge, he argued, from the information about the objects in the world that our senses bring to us. We incur with simple ideas and then combine them into more complex ones. Locke believed that individuals acquire knowledge most easily when they first consider simple ideas and then gradually combine them into more complex ones.In Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1697), Locke recommended practical(a) learning to prepare people to manage their social, economic, and political affairs efficiently. He believ ed that a sound education began in early childhood and insisted that the teaching of reading, writing, and arithmetic be gradual and cumulative. Lockes curriculum included conversational learning of foreign languages, especially French, mathematics, history, physical education, and games. XIEDUCATION DURING THE ENLIGHTENMENT The Age of skill in the 18th century produced important changes in education and educational theory.During the Enlightenment, also called the Age of Reason, educators believed people could improve their lives and society by using their reason, their powers of vituperative thinking. The Enlightenments ideas had a significant impact on the American Revolution (1775-1783) and early educational policy in the get together States. In particular, American philosopher and scientist Benjamin Franklin emphasized the value of utilitarian and scientific education in American schools. Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, stressed the importance of civic education to the citizens of a democratic nation.The Enlightenment principles that considered education as an instrument of social reform and improvement remain fundamental characteristics of American education policy. XIIEDUCATION IN THE 19TH CENTURY The foundations of modern education were established in the nineteenth century. Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, inspired by the work of French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau, developed an educational method based on the natural world and the senses. Pestalozzi established schools in Switzerland and Germany to educate children and train teachers.He affirmed that schools should resemble secure and lovely homes. Like Locke and Rousseau, Pestalozzi believed that thought began with sensation and that teaching should use the senses. Holding that children should study the objects in their natural environment, Pestalozzi developed a so-called object lesson that involved exercises in learning form, number, and language. Pup ils determined and traced an objects form, counted objects, and named them. Students progressed from these lessons to exercises in drawing, writing, adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, and reading.Pestalozzi employed the following principles in teaching (1) begin with the concrete object before introducing abstract concepts (2) begin with the immediate environment before dealing with what is distant and remote (3) begin with easy exercises before introducing complex ones and (4) always proceed gradually, cumulatively, and slowly. American educator heat content Barnard, the first U. S. Commissioner of Education, introduced Pestalozzis ideas to the United States in the late 19th century. Barnard also worked for the establishment of free public high schools for students of all classes of American society.German philosopher Johann Herbart emphasized moral education and designed a highly structured teaching technique. Maintaining that educations primary goal is moral development , Herbart claimed good character rested on knowledge while misconduct resulted from an inadequate education. Knowledge, he said, should create an apperceptive massa network of ideasin a persons mind to which new ideas can be added. He wanted to include history, geography, and literature in the school curriculum as well as reading, writing, and arithmetic. base on his work, Herbarts followers designed a five-step teaching method (1) prepare the pupils to be ready for the new lesson, (2) present the new lesson, (3) associate the new lesson with ideas studied earlier, (4) use examples to illustrate the lessons major points, and (5) test pupils to ensure they had learned the new lesson. AKindergarten German educator Friedrich Froebel created the earliest kindergarten, a form of preschool education that literally means childs garden in German. Froebel, who had an unhappy childhood, urged teachers to think back to their own childhoods to find insights they could use in their teaching.Froe bel studied at Pestalozzis institute in Yverdon, Switzerland, from 1808 to 1810. While agreeing with Pestalozzis emphasis on the natural world, a kindly school atmosphere, and the object lesson, Froebel felt that Pestalozzis method was not philosophical enough. Froebel believed that every childs inner self contained a spiritual essencea spark of divine energythat enabled a child to learn independently. In 1837 Froebel opened a kindergarten in Blankenburg with a curriculum that featured songs, stories, games, gifts, and occupations.The songs and stories stimulated the imaginations of children and introduced them to folk heroes and cultural values. Games developed childrens social and physical skills. By playing with each other, children learned to introduce in a group. Froebels gifts, including such objects as spheres, cubes, and cylinders, were designed to enable the child to understand the concept that the object represented. Occupations consisted of materials children could use i n building activities. For example, clay, sand, cardboard, and sticks could be used to build castles, cities, and mountains.Immigrants from Germany brought the kindergarten concept to the United States, where it became part of the American school system. Margarethe Meyer Schurz opened a German-language kindergarten in Watertown, Wisconsin, in 1855. Elizabeth Peabody established an English-language kindergarten and a training school for kindergarten teachers in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1860. William Torrey Harris, superintendent of schools in St. Louis, Missouri, and later a U. S. commissioner of education, made the kindergarten part of the American public school system.BSocial DarwinismBritish sociologist Herbert Spencer strongly influenced education in the mid-19th century with social theories based on the theory of evolution developed by British naturalist Charles Darwin. Spencer revised Darwins biological theory into social Darwinism, a body of ideas that applied the theory of e volution to society, politics, the economy, and education. Spencer maintained that in modern industrialize societies, as in earlier simpler societies, the fittest individuals of each generation survived because they were intelligent and adaptable. Competition caused the brightest and strongest individuals to climb to the top of the society.Urging unlimited competition, Spencer wanted government to restrict its activities to the leach minimum. He opposed public schools, claiming that they would create a monopoly for mediocrity by catering to students of low ability. He wanted private schools to compete against each other in trying to attract the brightest students and most capable teachers. Spencers social Darwinism became very popular in the last half of the 19th century when industrialisation was changing American and Western European societies. Spencer believed that people in industrialized society needed scientific rather than classical education.Emphasizing education in practi cal skills, he advocated a curriculum featuring lessons in five basic human activities (1) those needed for self-preservation such as health, diet, and exercise (2) those needed to perform ones occupation so that a person can earn a living, including the basic skills of reading, writing, computation, and knowledge of the sciences (3) those needed for parenting, to raise children properly (4) those needed to participate in society and politics and (5) those needed for leisure and recreation. Spencers ideas on education were eagerly accepted in the United States.In 1918 the Cardinal Principles of unoriginal Education, a report issued by the National Education Association, used Spencers list of activities in its recommendations for American education. XIIINATIONAL SYSTEMS OF EDUCATION In the 19th century, governments in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, and other European countries organized national systems of public education. The United States, Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, and other countries in North and South America also established national education systems based largely on European models. AIn the United Kingdom.The Church of England and other churches often operated primary schools in the United Kingdom, where students paid a small fee to study the Bible, catechism, reading, writing, and arithmetic. In 1833 the British Parliament passed a law that gave some government funds to these schools. In 1862 the United Kingdom established a school grant system, called payment by results, in which schools received funds based on their students performance on reading, writing, and arithmetic tests. The Education Act of 1870, called the Forster Act, true local government boards to establish public board schools.The United Kingdom then had two schools systems board schools operated by the government and voluntary schools conducted by the churches and other private organizations. In 1878 the United Kingdom passed laws that limited child labor in factories and made it possible for more children to attend school. To make schooling available to working-class children, many schools with limited public and private funds used proctorial methods of instruction. Monitorial education, developed by British educators Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell, used student monitors to conduct lessons.It offered the fledgling public education system the advantage of allowing schools to hire fewer teachers to instruct the large number of new students. Schools featuring monitorial education used older boys, called monitors, who were more advanced in their studies, to teach younger children. Monitorial education concentrated on basic skillsreading, writing, and arithmeticthat were broken down into small parts or units. After a monitor had learned a unitsuch as spelling words of two or three letters that began with the letter Ahe would, under the master teachers supervision, teach this unit to a group of students.By the end of the 19th century, the monitorial system was abandoned in British schools because it provided a very limited education. BIn Russia Russian tsar Alexander II initiated education reforms leading to the Education Statute of 1864. This law created zemstvos, local government units, which operated primary schools. In addition to zemstvo schools, the Russian Orthodox Church conducted parish schools. While the number of children attending school slowly increased, most of Russias population remained illiterate.Peasants often refused to ravish their children to school so that they could work on the farms. More boys attended school than girls since many peasant parents considered female education unnecessary. Fearing that too much education would make people discontented with their lives, the tsars government provided only limited schooling to instill political loyalty and religious piety. CIn the United States Before the 19th century elementary and secondary education in the United States was organized on a local or regiona l level. Nearly all schools operated on private funds exclusively.However, beginning in the 1830s and 1840s, American educators such as Henry Barnard and Horace Mann argued for the creation of a school system operated by individual states that would provide an equal education for all American children. In 1852 Massachusetts passed the first laws calling for free public education, and by 1918 all U. S. states had passed compulsory school attendance laws. See Public Education in the United States. XIVEDUCATION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY At the beginning of the 20th century, the writings of Swedish feminist and educator Ellen Key influenced education around the world.Keys book Barnets arhundrade (1900 The Century of the Child,1909) was translated into many languages and inspired so-called progressive educators in various countries. Progressive education was a system of teaching that emphasized the needs and potentials of the child, rather than the needs of society or the principles of re ligion. Among the influential progressive educators were Hermann Lietz and Georg Michael Kerschensteiner of Germany, Bertrand Russell of England, and Maria Montessori of Italy. AMontessoriMontessoris methods of early childhood education have become internationally popular. Trained in medicine, Montessori worked with developmentally disabled children early in her career. The results of her work were so effective that she believed her teaching methods could be used to educate all children. In 1907 Montessori established a childrens school, the Casa dei Bambini (Childrens House), for poor children from the San Lorenzo district of Rome. Here she developed a specially prepared environment that featured materials and activities based on her observations of children.She found that children enjoy mastering specific skills, prefer work to play, and can sustain concentration. She also believed that children have a power to learn independently if provided a properly stimulating environment. Mo ntessoris curriculum emphasized three major classes of activity (1) practical, (2) sensory, and (3) formal skills and studies. It introduced children to such practical activities as setting the table, serving a meal, washing dishes, tying and buttoning clothing, and practicing basic social manners. Repetitive exercises developed sensory and muscular coordination.Formal skills and subjects included reading, writing, and arithmetic. Montessori designed special teaching materials to develop these skills, including laces, buttons, weights, and materials identifiable by their sound or smell. Instructors provided the materials for the children and demonstrated the lessons but allowed each child to independently learn the particular skill or behavior. In 1913 Montessori lectured in the United States on her educational method.

Aba Putangina Nyo

BUSINESS CASE Presented to the Accountancy plane section De La S entirelye University In partial fulfillment Of the course requirements In ACTPACO (K32) Duhaylungsod, Paul Angelo, P. March 5, 2013 DECISION do ACROSS THE ORGANIZATION Richard Powers and Jane Keckley, two professionals in the finance argona, have worked for Eberhart Leasing for a number of years. Eberhart Leasing is a fraternity that leases high-tech medical equipment to hospitals. Richard and Jane have decided that, with their financial expertise, they might start their own accompany to render consulting services to individuals interested in leasing equipment.One form of organization they be considering is a fusion. If they start a completelyiance, for separately one individual plans to contribute P2 million in cash. In addition, Richard has a used IBM computer that originally constitute P148,000, which he intends to invest in the compact. The computer has a present market value of P60,000. Although both Ri chard and Jane are financial wizards, they do non know a great deal about how a union operates. As a result, they have come to you for advice. 1.What are the major disadvantages of starting a assistantship? confederacy fucking easily dissolve automatically when one of its helpers no longer wishes to participate in the business, or is unable to. This may happen in the event of death, bankruptcy, retirement or resignation. A divorce could as well force a partner to attempt to cash out his interest, since decisions are servingd, dis parallelisms bunghole occur. A confederacy is for the long term, and expectations and situations potbelly change, which tummy lead to dramatic and traumatic split ups.Business partners are jointly and by the piece liable for the actions of the new(prenominal) partners and you have to consult your partner and negotiate more as you cannot make decisions by yourself therefore need to be more flexible and a major disadvantage of a confederation i s unlimited liability. General partners are liable without limit for all debts contracted and errors made by the union. The accounts of confederation concerns are not published so public is unaware of the exact position of the business.There is a dis assert in public mind that these concerns earn huge lettuce at the monetary value of consumers. There is no legal binding for the publication of accounts. So partnership concerns lack public confidence. No partner can transfer his donation to a third party without the consent of the another(prenominal) partners. If a partner wants his share back it will not be possible without the approval of other partners or without dissolution of the strong. In case of a company, any shareholder can transfer his shares without affecting the working of the business.In partnership, a partner is permanently wedded to it and lastly there is a limitation in raising redundant resources for intricacy purposes. The business resources are limited to the personal funds of the partners. Borrowing capacity of the partners is too limited. The number of partners to be added to a business is also limited. A banking company cannot have more than ten partners and in other businesses the number of partners cannot exceed twenty. So there is a limit beyond which partners cannot be added. 2. What type of entry is needed for a partnership, and what should this instrument contain?Article of co partnership is a written pledge prior to the formation of a business, outlining the terms of the partnership and it essentialiness contain the tights name, how the firm will begin and end, nature of the business operations, monetary agreements like partners investments, determination of partner salaries and distribution of shekels and losses. The document must also contain decision making guidelines and authority of partners and lastly expected quantify contribution of partners. 3. Both Richard and Jane plan to work full- epoch in the new part nership.They believe that net income or net loss should be shared equally. However, they are wondering how they can pop the question compensation to Richard Powers for his special investment of the computer. What would you tell them? They should change the profit and loss ratio in favor or Richard Powers in order for them to bear his additional investment or they can also give him a premium as well because if they distribute the net loss or net income equally it would be below the belt for him because he invested more than the other partner.Another advice I would tell them is Richard can contribute less cash and rectify with the investment of his computer therefore, the basis of the distribution of income is their beginning capital or initial investment. 4. Richard is not authoritative how the computer equipment should be reported on his tax leave. What would you tell him? The report on his tax give up regarding the computer equipment will be based or I related on his incom e or you can say that depending on their net income or loss dividing by the partners profit 5.As indicated above, Richard and Jane have worked together for a number of years. Richards skills complement Janes and vice versa. If one of them dies, it will be very problematical for the other to maintain the business, not to mention the awkwardy of paying the deceased partners kingdom for his or her partnership interest. What would you advise them to do? They should know the risk of entering a partnership and all of its disadvantages stated earlier but because accidents cannot be prevented they should have alternatives or options unless one of them dies early during the partnership.One option is that they could cite their respective heirs to take over the business for them or if they dont have a boor they must condition their personal choice of who they want to replace them but of course the heirs or assignees must have knowledge about what they might acquire in their shoulders lik e the liabilities of the previous owner, the responsibilities on treatment a business. In paying the deceased partners res publica they could build a affirm fund through their partnership that would sustain the payables if ever one of them dies so that the remaining partner would not have a difficult time in paying those interest.Aba Putangina NyoBUSINESS CASE Presented to the Accountancy surgical incision De La Salle University In partial fulfillment Of the course requirements In ACTPACO (K32) Duhaylungsod, Paul Angelo, P. March 5, 2013 DECISION reservation ACROSS THE ORGANIZATION Richard Powers and Jane Keckley, two professionals in the finance area, have worked for Eberhart Leasing for a number of years. Eberhart Leasing is a company that leases high-tech medical equipment to hospitals. Richard and Jane have decided that, with their financial expertise, they might start their own company to provide consulting services to individuals interested in leasing equipment.One form of organization they are considering is a partnership. If they start a partnership, each individual plans to contribute P2 million in cash. In addition, Richard has a used IBM computer that originally cost P148,000, which he intends to invest in the partnership. The computer has a present market value of P60,000. Although both Richard and Jane are financial wizards, they do not know a great deal about how a partnership operates. As a result, they have come to you for advice. 1.What are the major disadvantages of starting a partnership? coalition can easily dissolve automatically when one of its partners no longer wishes to participate in the business, or is unable to. This may happen in the event of death, bankruptcy, retirement or resignation. A divorce could also force a partner to attempt to cash out his interest, since decisions are shared, disagreements can occur. A partnership is for the long term, and expectations and situations can change, which can lead to dramatic and trauma tic split ups.Business partners are jointly and on an individual basis liable for the actions of the other partners and you have to consult your partner and negotiate more as you cannot make decisions by yourself therefore need to be more flexible and a major disadvantage of a partnership is unlimited liability. General partners are liable without limit for all debts contracted and errors made by the partnership. The accounts of partnership concerns are not published so public is unaware of the exact position of the business.There is a suspicion in public mind that these concerns earn huge profits at the cost of consumers. There is no legal binding for the publication of accounts. So partnership concerns lack public confidence. No partner can transfer his share to a third party without the consent of the other partners. If a partner wants his share back it will not be possible without the approval of other partners or without dissolution of the firm. In case of a company, any shar eholder can transfer his shares without affecting the working of the business.In partnership, a partner is permanently wedded to it and lastly there is a limitation in raising additional resources for amplification purposes. The business resources are limited to the personal funds of the partners. Borrowing capacity of the partners is also limited. The number of partners to be added to a business is also limited. A banking company cannot have more than ten partners and in other businesses the number of partners cannot exceed twenty. So there is a limit beyond which partners cannot be added. 2. What type of document is needed for a partnership, and what should this document contain?Article of co partnership is a written agreement prior to the formation of a business, outlining the terms of the partnership and it must contain the firms name, how the firm will begin and end, nature of the business operations, monetary agreements like partners investments, determination of partner sala ries and distribution of profits and losses. The document must also contain decision making guidelines and authority of partners and lastly expected time contribution of partners. 3. Both Richard and Jane plan to work full-time in the new partnership.They believe that net income or net loss should be shared equally. However, they are wondering how they can provide compensation to Richard Powers for his additional investment of the computer. What would you tell them? They should change the profit and loss ratio in favor or Richard Powers in order for them to compensate his additional investment or they can also give him a reward as well because if they distribute the net loss or net income equally it would be unjust for him because he invested more than the other partner.Another advice I would tell them is Richard can contribute less cash and compensate with the investment of his computer therefore, the basis of the distribution of income is their beginning capital or initial inves tment. 4. Richard is not certain(p) how the computer equipment should be reported on his tax return. What would you tell him? The report on his tax return regarding the computer equipment will be based or I related on his income or you can say that depending on their net income or loss dividing by the partners profit 5.As indicated above, Richard and Jane have worked together for a number of years. Richards skills complement Janes and vice versa. If one of them dies, it will be very difficult for the other to maintain the business, not to mention the difficulty of paying the deceased partners estate for his or her partnership interest. What would you advise them to do? They should know the risk of entering a partnership and all of its disadvantages stated earlier but because accidents cannot be prevented they should have alternatives or options unless one of them dies early during the partnership.One option is that they could assign their respective heirs to take over the business f or them or if they dont have a baby they must assign their personal choice of who they want to replace them but of course the heirs or assignees must have knowledge about what they might acquire in their shoulders like the liabilities of the previous owner, the responsibilities on discourse a business. In paying the deceased partners estate they could build a trust fund through their partnership that would sustain the payables if ever one of them dies so that the remaining partner would not have a difficult time in paying those interest.

Differences Between the Wartime, Presidential, and Congressional Reconstruction Essay

There are similarities and differences between the fighttime, chairial, and relativeional reconstructive memory. apiece had a purpose and plan. There was a major difference between the republican President and Republican relation back that caused many conflicts.The Wartime reconstruction actually started during the war. Lincoln in the beginning precious settlement of blacks in countries or something known as repatriation. A major part of this Wartime reconstructive memory was the Proclamation of Amnesty. What this did was offer a Presidential pardon to all sulfurern whites who took an oath of allegiance to the Union and accepted abolition of slavery. The sole(prenominal) people that were excluded from this were Confederate official and high-ranking military officers. In states where ten percent of male existence took the oath they would be able to reestablish a state government.This policy was carried out in Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee. This Wartime Reconstruction als o included Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation. This freed slaves in the states that were at war with the Union. Both President Lincoln and President Johnson wished to give back land to pardoned ex-Confederates. President Lincoln and Congress were similar in wanting to refute pardons to those who ill-treated or murdered captured black and white Union soldiers. They did agree on this matter. While President Lincoln only required ten percent of allegiance from past Confederates, Congress wanted the majority of white men in Confederate states to take the oath of allegiance. Lincoln was assassinate and Andrew Johnson took presidency. He favored harsh punishment for traitors.He issued cardinal proclamations without help of Republicans. This was the Presidential Reconstruction. When he issued the two proclamations it caused a division. It covered official pardon for whites except Confederate officials and military officers worth more than 20 thou gritrock dollars, and he names a provisio nal government for North Carolina. Only whites with amnesty could ballot there. The South was disobedient and none of the state conventions enfranchised a single black. Johnson issued thirteen though sand five hundred Presidential pardons to those he earlier hoped to keep out. There were many ex-Confederates who were elected to Congress. to a fault the state legislatures in the south demoted blacks to a second class status, and this was known as the Black Codes.These codes states blacks were not allowed to vote, be on juries, testify against whites, could not interracially marry, and it was most unfair in Mississippi and South Carolina. Johnson like Lincoln wanted to restore the Union in as little time as possible. Congress comes in to play in December 1865. The Congress was made up mostly of Republicans and they refused to allow past Confederates to take their seats in Congress at this time. This marked the beginning of Radical Reconstruction or sometimes known as Congressional R econstruction.The president and the congress did not agree on many issues. Congress overrode President Johnson on the Civil Rights Act of 1866, The fourteenth Amendment, and the Freedmens Bureau Bill. The fourteenth Amendment spelled out rights of both black and white citizens as equal. It prolonged Federal powers for the enforcement of civil rights. States that approved the Fourteenth Amendment were considered reconstructed, and Tennessee did so. President Johnson advised other southern states to oppose doing this. Congress passed many laws to limit President Johnsons powers. They passed the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 which set new procedures for readmission to the Union. Johnson did not agree with this act and resisted it. When President Johnson removed Edwin M. Stanton from the head of the War Departments Republicans were very upset. They charged Johnson with the Tenure of Office Act and Johnson was impeached. After President Johnsons impeachment, the Fifteenth Amendment, which tabu states from denying vote based on color, was ratified.This Radical Reconstruction was successful in passing the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteen Amendments. Congress also wanted married law affirmed in the South for the period of Reconstruction and they wanted to discipline ex-Confederates. President Lincoln and Congress did not agree with how many pardons President Johnson gave out. The Wartime Reconstruction, Radical or Congressional Reconstruction, and the Presidential Reconstruction all had their similarities and differences. Each was designed by someone different and had a specific plan and goal in mind. The differences between the president and congress caused many splits and problems. The Radical Reconstruction was most successful in my opinion.